Integration of Metabolism

Question 1

What is the Fed state?

Answer 1

Immediately post feeding

Question 2

blood in fed state

Answer 2

full of glucose, triglycerides, and AA

Question 3

liver in fed state

Answer 3

synthesizes glycogen, fatty acids, triglycerides

Question 4

adipose in fed state

Answer 4

synthesizes triglyercies

Question 5

muscle in fed state

Answer 5

synthesizes glycogen and proteins

Question 6

brain in fed state

Answer 6

burns glucose

Question 7

hormones in fed state

Answer 7

high insulin, low glucagon

Question 8

What is happening in the fed state?

Answer 8

After feeding we will have lots of glucose going to the pancreas to the beta cells and we are getting high insulin. Blood has plenty of glucose, triglycerides, and AA. Since we have plenty of energy available we will want to store this energy.

Question 9

What does liver do in the fed state

Answer 9

Liver wants to regulate blood glucose levels. After feeding its high, liver wants to take glucose up and store it so it’ll shunt it over to glycogen. Also takes glycolysis and shunts

Livers function during fed state is mainly storage

Question 10

what does insulin do in fed state

Answer 10

Insulin can inhibit protein breakdown and inspure protein synthesis. Will lead towards protein synthesis and filling the proteins up in the blood.

Question 11

muscle function in fed state

Answer 11

Takes up glucose from the blood and storing it as glycogen will also use glucose for its own energy needs. Will take AA and synthesize them into proteins for the muscle cell and will also take up triglycerides and storing them for later. Only synthesizes glycogen and proteins.

Question 12

adipose role in fed state

Answer 12

Take up glucose and use it for energy needs but will use it for glycolysis, TCA cycle and ets. Stores triglycerides from the blood and takes up fatty acids from the diet and liver and will shunt off some fo the glucose combined with fatty acids to store triglycerides for later.

Question 13

how many hours post eating is early fasting

Answer 13

one to six

Question 14

blood in early fasting

Answer 14

glucose homestasis, transporting fatty acids/glycerol from adipose

Question 15

liver in early fasting

Answer 15

breaks down glycogen to add glucose to blood

Question 16

adipose in early fasting

Answer 16

breaks down triglycerides to put fatty acids and glycerol in blood

Question 17

muscle in early fasting

Answer 17

breaks down glycogen, burns glucose and fatty acids

Question 18

brain in early fasting

Answer 18

burns glucose

Question 19

hormones in early fasting

Answer 19

lowering insulin, rising glucagon

Question 20

liver role in early fasting

Answer 20

Start activating pathways, glucagon signaling actives glucose-phosphatase changing glucose 1 phosphate into glucose 6 phosphate to get glucose into the blood. Pulls glycerol in to start glyconeogenesis.
Main thing is that its sending glucose back out to the blood from glycogen

Question 21

muscle role in early fasting

Answer 21

Breaks glycogen down to use glucose, has glut 4 transporter which is insulin sensitive, lots of glucose metabolism will come from glycogen stores will also pull in fatty acids to use for energy.
Some muscles are glycogenic, some are oxidative. All muscles will use fatty acids and glycogen, just depends what muscle.

Question 22

adipose role in early fasting

Answer 22

Takes triglycerides and breaks them down into glycerol and fatty acids to go in to the blood.

Question 23

hours post eating for late fasting

Answer 23

6-48

Question 24

blood late fasting

Answer 24

glucose homeostasis, transporting fatty acids/glycerol from adipose and aa from muscle

Question 25

liver late fasting

Answer 25

depletion of glycogen, starts gluconeogenesis from glucogenic aa and glycerol and ketogenesis from ketogenic aa

Question 26

adipose in late fasting

Answer 26

breaks down triglycerides to put fatty acids and glycerol into the blood

Question 27

muscle in late fasting

Answer 27

breaks down protein to put aa into the blood

Question 28

brain in late fasting

Answer 28

burns glucose and ketone bodies

Question 29

hormones in late fasting

Answer 29

low insulin, high glucagon

Question 30

liver in late fasting and in ketogenic diets

Answer 30

Has significantly reduced glycolysis and is turning on gluconeogenesis. F2,6-BP signal. Takes up glycerol form blood, shunts into gluconeogenesis to get glucose, Forms a low leel of ketone bodies. Liver will export glucose and ketone bodies and urea due to the processing of AA. Main product is glucose.

Question 31

muscle in late fasting

Answer 31

Low insulin levels, glut 4 transporters are very inactive. May be able to absorb a little glucose from blood but not a lot. Will keep using glycogen stores that it has until it runs out, breaks down proteins into AA, will use some of this energy for itself. Will shunt some into the liver for gluconeogenesis. Shifting towards catabolism in the muscle.

Question 32

hours post-eating for starvation

Answer 32

48 hours

Question 33

blood in starvation

Answer 33

falling glucose, high fatty acid and glycerol

Question 34

liver in starvation

Answer 34

gluconeogenesis form glycerol

Question 35

kidney in starvation

Answer 35

gluconeogenesis from glycerol

Question 36

adipose in starvation

Answer 36

breaks down triglycerides to put fatty acids and glycerol in the blood

Question 37

muscle in starvation

Answer 37

wasting

Question 38

brain in starvation

Answer 38

burns ketone bodies

Question 39

hormones in starvation

Answer 39

very low insulin, high (but moderating) glucagon

Question 40

liver in starvation

Answer 40

Uses whatever substrates to make as much glucose as it can and shunts it out to blood. Gluconeogenic substrates are going down, glycolysis has been shut off and TCA cycle has been shut off since we depleted oxaloacetate. Acetyl-CoA is building up which causes ketone bodies and is taking up fatty acids to meet energy needs which is also building up acetyl coA which converts into ketone bodies. Ketone body level will keep rising until we go into keto acidosis.

Question 41

kidney in starvation

Answer 41

Still needs to use energy, | Hallmark of severe starvation or pathology. Uses glycogen to turn into glucose

Question 42

muscle in starvation

Answer 42

Takes up fatty acids, Metabolism significatly goes down since we used all the protein to turn into AA to go to the blood. TCA cycle shuts off and not able to use substrates.

Question 43

adipose in starvation

Answer 43

Breaks down triglycerides, cant burn them if we run out of glucose.

Question 44

What is exercise

Answer 44

intense energy demand

Question 45

blood in exercise

Answer 45

cardiac output/oxygen transport lower than muscle usage

Question 46

liver in exercise

Answer 46

gluconeogenesis from latate

Question 47

adipose in exercise

Answer 47

breaks down triglycerides to put fatty acids and glycerol into the blood

Question 48

muscle in exercise

Answer 48

burns glucose and fatty acids. more fuel than oxygen so produces lactate

Question 49

brain in exercise

Answer 49

burns glucose

Question 50

hormones in exercise

Answer 50

epinephrine

Question 51

muscle role during exercise

Answer 51

Will get pyruvate to lactate to regenerate NAD+ Fatty acid usage linked to how much oxygen is in the system. Glycolytic muscle will do very well, oxidative muscle wont work well.

Question 52

liver during/post exercise

Answer 52

Gets a glucagon like signal from epinephrine. Activates gluconeogenesis Get glycerol from adipose Liver exports glucose into blood Looks like something b/w early and late fasting state. Glucose is plentiful still.

Question 53

Starving dog, brought in severely underweight, with muscle wasting and minimal body fat. Diagnosis - malnourishment due to likely neglect. Treatment? What do watch for?

Answer 53

Treatment - feed but be careful What do we need to watch for? Hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia. BC body isn't used to having enough potassium, doesn’t have much in muscle, pull potassium out of blood very rapidly so it will be very low in the blood. Problem bc if w change potassium gradient, will mess up a lot of systems like muscle and heart. Problems with potassium regulation due to low insulin levels, sucks potassium faster than can absorb from the diet.

Question 54

Vitamin B deficiencies

Answer 54

try to ramp up metabolism bc we feed the dog, will run out of cofactors which will cause pathways to mess up, do refeeding slowly, want to make sure you have right amounts of stuff in feed. Want fluid therapy ready in case phosphate and potassium levels get off.