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Phys Exam two > Integration of Metabolism > Flashcards

Integration of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Fed state?

A

Immediately post feeding

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2
Q

blood in fed state

A

full of glucose, triglycerides, and AA

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3
Q

liver in fed state

A

synthesizes glycogen, fatty acids, triglycerides

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4
Q

adipose in fed state

A

synthesizes triglyercies

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5
Q

muscle in fed state

A

synthesizes glycogen and proteins

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6
Q

brain in fed state

A

burns glucose

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7
Q

hormones in fed state

A

high insulin, low glucagon

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8
Q

What is happening in the fed state?

A

After feeding we will have lots of glucose going to the pancreas to the beta cells and we are getting high insulin. Blood has plenty of glucose, triglycerides, and AA. Since we have plenty of energy available we will want to store this energy.

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9
Q

What does liver do in the fed state

A

Liver wants to regulate blood glucose levels. After feeding its high, liver wants to take glucose up and store it so it’ll shunt it over to glycogen. Also takes glycolysis and shunts

Livers function during fed state is mainly storage

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10
Q

what does insulin do in fed state

A

Insulin can inhibit protein breakdown and inspure protein synthesis. Will lead towards protein synthesis and filling the proteins up in the blood.

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11
Q

muscle function in fed state

A

Takes up glucose from the blood and storing it as glycogen will also use glucose for its own energy needs. Will take AA and synthesize them into proteins for the muscle cell and will also take up triglycerides and storing them for later. Only synthesizes glycogen and proteins.

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12
Q

adipose role in fed state

A

Take up glucose and use it for energy needs but will use it for glycolysis, TCA cycle and ets. Stores triglycerides from the blood and takes up fatty acids from the diet and liver and will shunt off some fo the glucose combined with fatty acids to store triglycerides for later.

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13
Q

how many hours post eating is early fasting

A

one to six

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14
Q

blood in early fasting

A

glucose homestasis, transporting fatty acids/glycerol from adipose

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15
Q

liver in early fasting

A

breaks down glycogen to add glucose to blood

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16
Q

adipose in early fasting

A

breaks down triglycerides to put fatty acids and glycerol in blood

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17
Q

muscle in early fasting

A

breaks down glycogen, burns glucose and fatty acids

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18
Q

brain in early fasting

A

burns glucose

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19
Q

hormones in early fasting

A

lowering insulin, rising glucagon

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20
Q

liver role in early fasting

A

Start activating pathways, glucagon signaling actives glucose-phosphatase changing glucose 1 phosphate into glucose 6 phosphate to get glucose into the blood. Pulls glycerol in to start glyconeogenesis.
Main thing is that its sending glucose back out to the blood from glycogen

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21
Q

muscle role in early fasting

A

Breaks glycogen down to use glucose, has glut 4 transporter which is insulin sensitive, lots of glucose metabolism will come from glycogen stores will also pull in fatty acids to use for energy.
Some muscles are glycogenic, some are oxidative. All muscles will use fatty acids and glycogen, just depends what muscle.

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22
Q

adipose role in early fasting

A

Takes triglycerides and breaks them down into glycerol and fatty acids to go in to the blood.

23
Q

hours post eating for late fasting

A

6-48

24
Q

blood late fasting

A

glucose homeostasis, transporting fatty acids/glycerol from adipose and aa from muscle

25
Q

liver late fasting

A

depletion of glycogen, starts gluconeogenesis from glucogenic aa and glycerol and ketogenesis from ketogenic aa

26
Q

adipose in late fasting

A

breaks down triglycerides to put fatty acids and glycerol into the blood

27
Q

muscle in late fasting

A

breaks down protein to put aa into the blood

28
Q

brain in late fasting

A

burns glucose and ketone bodies

29
Q

hormones in late fasting

A

low insulin, high glucagon

30
Q

liver in late fasting and in ketogenic diets

A

Has significantly reduced glycolysis and is turning on gluconeogenesis. F2,6-BP signal. Takes up glycerol form blood, shunts into gluconeogenesis to get glucose,
Forms a low leel of ketone bodies. Liver will export glucose and ketone bodies and urea due to the processing of AA. Main product is glucose.

31
Q

muscle in late fasting

A

Low insulin levels, glut 4 transporters are very inactive. May be able to absorb a little glucose from blood but not a lot. Will keep using glycogen stores that it has until it runs out, breaks down proteins into AA, will use some of this energy for itself. Will shunt some into the liver for gluconeogenesis.
Shifting towards catabolism in the muscle.

32
Q

hours post-eating for starvation

A

48 hours

33
Q

blood in starvation

A

falling glucose, high fatty acid and glycerol

34
Q

liver in starvation

A

gluconeogenesis form glycerol

35
Q

kidney in starvation

A

gluconeogenesis from glycerol

36
Q

adipose in starvation

A

breaks down triglycerides to put fatty acids and glycerol in the blood

37
Q

muscle in starvation

A

wasting

38
Q

brain in starvation

A

burns ketone bodies

39
Q

hormones in starvation

A

very low insulin, high (but moderating) glucagon

40
Q

liver in starvation

A

Uses whatever substrates to make as much glucose as it can and shunts it out to blood. Gluconeogenic substrates are going down, glycolysis has been shut off and TCA cycle has been shut off since we depleted oxaloacetate. Acetyl-CoA is building up which causes ketone bodies and is taking up fatty acids to meet energy needs which is also building up acetyl coA which converts into ketone bodies. Ketone body level will keep rising until we go into keto acidosis.

41
Q

kidney in starvation

A

Still needs to use energy,

Hallmark of severe starvation or pathology. Uses glycogen to turn into glucose

42
Q

muscle in starvation

A

Takes up fatty acids,
Metabolism significatly goes down since we used all the protein to turn into AA to go to the blood. TCA cycle shuts off and not able to use substrates.

43
Q

adipose in starvation

A

Breaks down triglycerides, cant burn them if we run out of glucose.

44
Q

What is exercise

A

intense energy demand

45
Q

blood in exercise

A

cardiac output/oxygen transport lower than muscle usage

46
Q

liver in exercise

A

gluconeogenesis from latate

47
Q

adipose in exercise

A

breaks down triglycerides to put fatty acids and glycerol into the blood

48
Q

muscle in exercise

A

burns glucose and fatty acids. more fuel than oxygen so produces lactate

49
Q

brain in exercise

A

burns glucose

50
Q

hormones in exercise

A

epinephrine

51
Q

muscle role during exercise

A

Will get pyruvate to lactate to regenerate NAD+
Fatty acid usage linked to how much oxygen is in the system. Glycolytic muscle will do very well, oxidative muscle wont work well.

52
Q

liver during/post exercise

A

Gets a glucagon like signal from epinephrine. Activates gluconeogenesis
Get glycerol from adipose
Liver exports glucose into blood
Looks like something b/w early and late fasting state. Glucose is plentiful still.

53
Q

Starving dog, brought in severely underweight, with muscle wasting and minimal body fat.
Diagnosis - malnourishment due to likely neglect.
Treatment?
What do watch for?

A

Treatment - feed but be careful
What do we need to watch for?
Hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia.
BC body isn’t used to having enough potassium, doesn’t have much in muscle, pull potassium out of blood very rapidly so it will be very low in the blood. Problem bc if w change potassium gradient, will mess up a lot of systems like muscle and heart. Problems with potassium regulation due to low insulin levels, sucks potassium faster than can absorb from the diet.

54
Q

Vitamin B deficiencies

A

try to ramp up metabolism bc we feed the dog, will run out of cofactors which will cause pathways to mess up, do refeeding slowly, want to make sure you have right amounts of stuff in feed. Want fluid therapy ready in case phosphate and potassium levels get off.

Phys Exam two (13 decks)

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