Integration Flashcards
(160 cards)
Describe the physiological response to a stressor in terms of hypothalamus- pituitary axis
1st: alarm–> hypothalamus stimulates pituitary–> pituitary secretes ACTH–> ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
Stages of cognitive appraisal
1st: initial evaluation of the environment and associated threat
2nd: if and only if primary appraisal reveals a threat–> can I deal with this stress?
Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
“I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy”
- 1st: cognitive appraisal and nervous system arousal
2nd: Conscious emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
“I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing… Let me out of here”
- 1st response: nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
2nd: Action - *emotional responses are independent responses
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
“I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high”
1st: nervous system arousal
2nd: conscious emotion
opponent process theory
when a drug is taken repeatedly the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing physiology
- cocaine withdrawal would lead to depressed mood, fatigue, decreased heart rate…
From bottom up, state Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Bottom: physiological
- safety
- Love/belonging
- esteem
- self-actualization
Yerkes-Dodson Law
best performance occurs at moderate arousal
Further application: Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation states that being in presence of others will greatly increase our ability to perform simple tasks, but we will suck at complex tasks
The notable exceptions to the electron filling orbital
has to be transition elements:
Cu and Cr
charge of electron
-1.6 * 10^-19 C
Describe UTP
- Uridine 5’-triphosphate
- ribose and pyrimidine base
- Its main role is as substrate for the synthesis of RNA during transcription.
- Metabolism: UDP-glucose enters the synthesis of glycogen. UTP is used in the metabolism of galactose, where the activated form UDP-galactose is converted to UDP-glucose. UDP-glucuronate is used to conjugate bilirubin to a more water-soluble bilirubin diglucuronide.
When UDP-glucose reacts with the non-reducing end of a lengthening glycogen polymer, what type of bond is most commonly formed?
alpha-1,4- Glycosidic bond
This is the bond that links most glucosyl moieties in glycogen
Describe the process of action potential induced muscle contraction
- AP depolarized the T-tubule
- SR releases Ca2+
- Ca2+ binds troponin
- tropomyosin exposes myosin-binding site on actin
Paclitaxel stabilizes tubulin polymers once they are formed. What phase of mitosis is likely to be hampered by this? (hint: what process depends on shortening of tubulin)
-Anaphase: anaphase is when the chromosomes are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell
The GTP used by tubulin could come directly from the products of:
glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, citric acid cycle?
The citric acid cycle directly produces GTP
Citric Acid Cycle
-In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion
-Net Results Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex and Citric Acid Cycle:
4 NADH; 1 FADH2; 1 GTP
12.5 ATP per pyruvate= 25 ATP per glucose
Regulated by: whenever ATP levels rise, phosphorylating PDH inhibits acetyl CoA production. The Complex is activated by rising levels of ADP and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
-Rate limiting enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase
What derives from the neural crest?
neurons and glial cells of sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous system
- medulla cells of adrenal gland
- pigment cells of epidermis
- cranial facial components
As non-polar protein groups clusters in water, the water experiences a ____ in entropy?
INCREASE. This increase in entropy is the predominant thermodynamic influence resulting in clustering of nonpolar groups in polar solvents
What information is needed to calculate the number of moles of H2CO3 in a sample of rainwater by titrating it with .05 M NaOH??
Volume of NaOH used to reach endpoint
- the volume of acid is only needed if we want to find the [ ] of starting material once we found initial moles
enantiomers have ___ physical properties except for _____
same, except for direction of polarization for plane polarized light.
** Remember that enzymes are stereospecific
Name the pyrimidines in DNA
Thymine, Cytosine
** one carbon-nitrogen ring bases
Name the purines
-the 2 carbon nitrogen ring bases
- adenine and guanine
“Pure As Gold”
What pH range for an indicator is best for titration of stomach acid with NaOH?
-the titration of a strong acid with a strong base has an equivalence point at 7!!! so any indicator around 7
oxidation number of N
-3