Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHSL232 Cardiovascular and Respiratory > Integration 1 > Flashcards

Integration 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by “endurance exercise”?

A

Exercise that is performed for a prolonged period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are examples of endurance exercise?

A

Long distance running (anywhere from 5km to a marathon)

Road cycling or mountain biking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What 4 main physiological system work together for endurance exercise?

A

The cardiovascular system, respiratory system, nervous system, and the musculoskeletal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Vo2Max?

A

A measure of the maximal rate of O2 consumption per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most common measure for cardiorespiratory fitness?

A

Vo2max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What makes fit trained athletes have a more efficient physiological system?

A

Greater vo2max meaning they can deliver more oxygen to working muscles and extract more oxygen per unit of time so that they can perform at faster speeds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does Vo2max differ between males and females?

A

Men have a higher Vo2max in most sports than women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Does cricket or a marathon athletes have higher VO2 Max?

A

Marathon - sports that require more endurance (longer length of continued exercise) have higher Vo2 Max?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does vo2max change as we age?

A

It decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an individuals Vo2max primarily due to?

A

Genetics (as high as 50% of the initial vo2 Max value is determined by genetics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How much can vo2 max be improved by with training?

A

Approx 30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What determines how much Vo2 Max can change as a result of training?

A

Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the four ways that training can improve Vo2 Max?

A

Respiratory pulmonary diffusion (bring in more oxygen)

Muscle capacity to extract O2 from circulating RBC

Maximal cardiac output (amount of blood leaving heart) can be increased

Increased blood capacity to transport O2 (due to increase in Hb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does muscle capacity change from at rest to during intense aerobic exercise?

A

During intense aerobic exercise more capillaries are perfused therefore they are able to extract more oxygen per 100ml of blood and therefore less oxygen is left in venous blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are RBC responsible for?

A

Transporting O2 from our lungs to the muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is haemoglobin molecules in RBC responsible for?

A

Binding O2 and later releasing it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the hematocit percentage in adult males?

A

41-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the hematocit percentage in adult females?

A

36-46%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a pulse oximetry?

A

A method to measure blood oxygen saturation. It does this by passing light and measuring the colour of blood which is determined by oxygen saturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does the oxygen saturation curve (ODC) differ between males and females with exercise and why?

A

There is a stronger right shift in males than in females. This is because males have a greater increase in body temperature and produce more lactic acid with exercise than females.

The shift to the left also differs ad females show significantly lower Hb-O2 affinity.

There is no difference after Vo2max exercise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

As much as […] ml of oxygen can be bound for each 100 ml of blood?

A

20ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does altitude training increase RBC?

A

Low O2 levels triggers the body to increase RBC numbers to capture more O2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In order for altitude training to have a benefit on an individual how high do you need to be for how long?

A

2000-2500 meters for 3 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is blood doping?

A

The injection of RBC from a donor or your own previously removed RBC or the injection of EPO.

The increase in RBC allows muscles to work longer and harder without cramping.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is EPO used clinically for?

A

To treat individuals with anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Explain the movement of O2 from blood to muscle cell:

A

O2 moves from the high concentration in blood to a low concentration in the muscle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the O2 gradient between blood and muscle cell generated by?

A

Generated by the oxidation of O2 in muscle cells by the energy-generating mitochondria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the effect of having more mitochondria in the muscles?

A

It means that more O2 can b used and therefore the more O2 that muscle can extract because of a greater diffusion gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Does mitochondria increase with training?

A

Yes (x2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How is an increase in mitochondria sustained?

A

By sustained training - if you stop training levels will fall but then if you start training they can increase again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the bodies two main sources of energy?

A

Lipids (fat) and glucose (carbohydrate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is fat stored in the body?

A

Adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where is glucose stored in the body?

A

In the liver as glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What source of energy does the body use at rest and low to moderate intensities (e.g., below 60% of maximal oxygen uptake)?

A

Lipids = fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the main substrate for generating ATP during high intensity exercise (+75%)?

A

Glucose (carbohydrates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What can shift the crossover point between fats and carbs towards higher exercise intensities?

A

Training

When you training your high intensity threshold of when carbohydrates are used is pushed up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are necessary factors in oxidation phosphorylation?

A

Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic energy?

A

Anaerobic = breaking down glucose without using oxygen = shorter higher intensity exercise = leads to a build up of lactic acid.

Aerobic = breaking down carbohydrates and fats in the presence of oxygen = continuous movement fuelled by the air you breathe = better for endurance exercise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is RER the abbreviation for?

A

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (or the respiratory quotient = RQ).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does the RER describe?

A

The ratio of the rate of CO2 release to oxygen consumption.

Vco2/Vo2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does the amount of oxygen used during metabolism depend on?

A

The type of fuel being oxidised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Is more oxygen need for the metabolism of fat or glucose and why?

A

Fat - because the amount of oxygen needed is proportional to the amount of carbon

44
Q

If the RER is close to 1 what does that tell us?

A

That glucose is the major fuel source

45
Q

If RER is less than 1 what does that tell us?

A

That fats are the major fuel source

46
Q

What is the store of immediate energy?

A

Creatinine

47
Q

What is the faster production of energy between creatinine and fat & glucose?

A

Creatinine

48
Q

What is the phosphocreatine pathway?

A

The phosphocreatine (PCr) pathway is an energy system in the body that provides immediate energy for short bursts of high-intensity activities. It is one of the three primary energy systems, alongside the anaerobic and aerobic systems, but is the fastest to activate.

49
Q

How much ATP is yielded for each PCr?

A

1

50
Q

What is the maximum duration of exercise the PCr can supply?

A

approximately 3-15 seconds

51
Q

What does the PCr pathway recycle during exercise?

A

PCr can recycle ADP/ATP during exercise until it is used up

52
Q

Is oxygen required for the PCr pathway?

A

No

53
Q

What are the 4 sources of ATP generation?

A

ATP-PCr
Anaerobic: Glycolysis
Aerobic:
Oxidation from carbohydrates
Oxidative from fat

54
Q

What sources of ATP generate the most ATP?

A

Aerobic (although they take more time they produce more molecules).

55
Q

What source of ATP generation has the greatest available capacity?

A

Oxidative aerobic from fat (days)

56
Q

What is the chemical reaction for glycolysis?

A

Glucose or glycogen to lactate

57
Q

What is the chemical reaction for aerobic oxidative from carbohydrates?

A

Glucose or glycogen to CO2 and H2O

58
Q

What is the chemical reaction for aerobic oxidative from fats?

A

Free fatty acids or triglycerides to CO2 and H2O

59
Q

Are anaerobic and aerobic exercise seperate?

A

No - anaerobic exercise always accompanies aerobic exercise.

60
Q

Is the anaerobic or aerobic system activated first?

A

Anaerobic (lactic acid system)

61
Q

What are the muscle fibres types?

A

Type I
Type II (a and x)

62
Q

Describe type I muscle fibres:

A

Type 1 muscle fibres are slow twitch meaning they have a slow response to peak tension.

They are slow oxidative meaning they depend on fat and glucose energy sources.

63
Q

What is the difference between Type 2 A and X muscle fibres?

A

Type 2A = fast oxidative.
Type 2X = Fast glycolytic.

Type 2A primarily use aerobic (and some anaerobic glycolysis) whereas X primarily use anaerobic glycolysis.

A have intermediate rate of fatigue whereas X have fast fatigue rate.

A also have intermediate glycogen stores whereas X have higher glycogen stores.

64
Q

What are type 2 muscle fibres?

A

Fast twitch fibres = respond fast = peak tension is shorter (fatigue quicker)

65
Q

What is the genetic link percentage for muscles fibres?

A

Approx 50%

66
Q

Can training shift your muscle fibres or are they 100% determined by genetics?

A

Only 50% is determined by genetics - training can switch between type 2 subtypes of muscle fibres (but not between type 1 and 2)

67
Q

What is the effect of early life sports on muscle fibre types?

A

Involvement in early life sports can influence adult levels of muscle types

68
Q

What are the two ways to determine muscle fibre types?

A

Muscle biopsy (invasion and limited sample area)

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (noninvasive, measures carnosine - metabolite 2 times higher in fats twitch fibres)

69
Q

What is the recruitment order of muscle fibre types?

A

First = Type 1
Second = Type 2A
Third = Type 2X

70
Q

What is significant about Alberto Salazar?

A

He was the best marathon runner in the 1980s but had a very high VO2max which showed that Vo2max is not the only parameter important to athletes…

71
Q

What is lactate threshold?

A

The point at which blood lactate begins to substantially accumulate above resting concentrations during exercise of increasing intensity (aka as glycolysis or anaerobic production of ATP begins to dominate).

It is where blood lactate first appears to increase disproportionally above resting values.

72
Q

Is lactate threshold before or after aerobic threshold?

A

After

73
Q

What is the benefit of low zone training for endurance athletes?

A

Low zone training is low intensity training.

It is beneficial because it can raise your lactate threshold (shift it to the right) which means that it delays fatigue when exercising.

This happens as a result of using energy coming primarily from fat burning allowing the body to use a more sustainable fuel source for long durations and preserving glycogen stores.

74
Q

What is EPOC?

A

EPOC = excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

EPOC is the result of an elevation in oxygen consumption and metabolism, which occurs after exercise as the body recovers, repairs, and returns to its pre-exercise state.

= after intense exercise it takes several minutes after exercise for oxygen consumption to reach resting O2 consumption levels. EPOC is just the nam used for this lay period.

75
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output (CO)?

A

CO = HR x SV

76
Q

What is resting CO?

A

5L / Min

77
Q

What happens to HR when you exercise?

A

It increases

(So does CO)

78
Q

What is the relationship between HR and SV?

A

Inversely proportional (therefore if CO increases HR increases and SV decreases).

79
Q

As intensity of exercise increases what happens to HR?

A

It increases proportionally

80
Q

What is maximum HR?

A

The highest HR value achieved in an all-out effort to the point of fatigue

81
Q

How does age effect HR max?

A

HR max decreases with age - predictable decrease of about one beat per year beginning at 10 to 15 years of age.

82
Q

When does HR plateau?

A

At very high intensity

83
Q

What can HR max be estimated based on?

A

Age (subtracting your age from 220 beats/min gives a approximate HR max)

84
Q

What is steady-rate HR?

A

Steady Rate HR refers to the plateau reached when exercise intensity is held constant at any sub maximal workload. The plateau is a result of your heart rate stabilising and remaining consistent - at this point the cardiovascular system is efficient in meeting the bodies demands for oxygen. Oxygenated blood is provided to the muscle bed based on the level of activity of the muscle.

85
Q

How long after exercise can steady state HR be met?

A

2-3 minutes (as the intensity gets stronger it takes longer).

86
Q

What is Steady State HR a measure of?

A

Endurance capacity - a well trained athlete will be able to reach and sustained steady state HR more easily without overworking the heart because they can extract more oxygen and so do not have to increase HR to the same level in order to met the greater intensity.

87
Q

Why is steady-state training helpful using running as an example?

A

By incorporating steady-state running sessions at a moderate intensity at 60–70% of your max heart rate (MHR) over time your heart becomes more efficient, allowing you to maintain a lower steady-state HR.

Having a lower steady-state HR means that there is less work load on the heart and therefore surplus energy to be used else where and means that you reach your HR max at a higher intensity than before = better endurance

Training at high intensity primarily engages your anaerobic system whereas low to moderate intensity training primarily engages your aerobic system meaning it is training the body to efficiently use oxygen to produce energy - the better the body can do this better the body can handle endurance exercise. High intensity training should be used to complement low-moderate intensity training in order to increase speed/Vo2max/lactate threshold.

88
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerve endings concentrate?

A

In the Atria, including the SA and AV nodes.

89
Q

What do sympathetic fibres supply?

A

The SA and AV nodes and the muscle of atria and ventricles.

90
Q

Explain the anticipatory effect of exercise?

A

The anticipation of exercising stimulates the AV node and increases your HR

91
Q

When we exercise does BP increase?

A

Exercise increases BP (initial increase is greater and then it subsides or goes back to normal)

92
Q

What is the short term control of MABP?

A

The arterial baroreceptor reflex

93
Q

What are baroreceptors located?

A

Aortic arch and carotid sinus

94
Q

How are signals from bararorecptors transmitter to the brain?

A

Via vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

95
Q

Where do vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves transmit signals from baroreceptors to?

A

To the nucleus of the solitary tract = NTS

Located in the medulla oblongata

96
Q

Explain the baroreceptor reflex mechanism:

A

Baroreceptors detect changes in BP

Signals transmitted to the NTS

NTS baroreceptive cells process and initiate response - either stimulating a decrease or increase in sympathetic nervous activity.

If increase BP it decreases sympathetic nervous activity. If decreases it stimulates CVLM and RVLM.

97
Q

How much can CO increase during exercise?

A

Can increase from 5L/min to 20L/min

98
Q

What leads to vasodilation during exercise?

A

Vasodilation due to local metabolic factors in skeletal and cardiac muscles and the release of vasodilators by contracting skeletal muscles

99
Q

How does the recruitment of capillaries increase blood flow during exercise?

A

Increases the total surface area for diffusion and shortens the diffusion distance

100
Q

What is vasodilations and sweating during exercise caused by??????

A

The increase in sympathetic cholinergic fibre activity to skin resistance vessels (causes sweating)

and

The decrease in sympathetic vasoconstrictors drive to artery venous anastomosis in extremities (causes vasodilations)

101
Q

What are the three main goals of the respiratory system during exercise?

A

(1) Ensure that partial pressures of O2 in our arteries are well maintained to allow adequate O2 supply to exercising muscles

(2) To eliminate metabolic and non-metabolic CO2 to maintain the partial pressure of CO2 in our arteries

(3) To assist in the buffering of metabolic acids produced during high intensity exercise

102
Q

What are the metabolic sources of CO2 (equations)?

A

Glucose + 6 O2 = 6 Co2
Palmitate + 23 O2 = 16 Co2

103
Q

What is the non-metabolic equation for CO2?

A

H+ + HCO3 = H2CO3 = CO2

104
Q

What is the relationship between ventilation vs workload (intensity)?

A

There is a linear increase in ventilation until it reaches a threshold and then become exponential.

Linear represents aerobic and exponential represents anaerobic.

Showing you need to increase ventilation in order to bring in more oxygen to increase intensity.

105
Q

Why does mouth ventilation increase with intensity?

A

Because of increased tidal volume (because more muscles become engaged) and increased respiratory rate

106
Q

What changes occur when expiration becomes an active process?

A

Abdominal muscles contract
Internal intercostal muscles contract
Diaphragm pushes up = increases pressures = forced air flow out

107
Q

What are the relative speeds of ATP production for aerobic and anerobic types of production?

A

Anaerobic Glycolysis = fastest rate of ATP production - but limited stores of glycogen and produces lactic acid.

Aerobic Fat Oxidative Phosphorylation = Slowest = used at low intensity endurance - unlimited stores.

Aerobic CHO Oxidative Phosphorylation = faster than Fat = used at high intensity endurance - but limited stores.

*Hence why we want to improve Fat OP threshold and efficiency so that we can use it for longer before using up CHO stores and if we can make it more efficient then can use it at higher intensities before triggers switch to CHO.

PHSL232 Cardiovascular and Respiratory (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions