Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry II > Integrating Metabolism > Flashcards

Integrating Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

the liver is a very fexible organ that changes ________ expression to meet short and long term needs

A

enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the fate of carbohydrates in the liver is dependent on

A

metabolic needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what type of regulation is important to carbohydrate metabolism?

A

allosteric & hormonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

initial processing of CHOs yields

A

G-6-P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

5 fates of G-6-P

A
  1. glucose processing
  2. glycogen
  3. glycolysis
  4. lipids
  5. PPP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 4 fates of amino acids in the liver

A
  1. protein synthesis
  2. branched amino acids remain untouched
  3. synthesis of hormones nucleotides
  4. degradation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 3 methods of degradation for amino acids in the liver?

A
  1. deamination
  2. transaminaton
  3. glucogenic/ketogenic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ketone bodies are formed from

A

AcCoAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

AcCoAs are used to make

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what type of oxidation produces AcCoAs?

A

B-oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what cells store lipids and FAs in the liver

A

ito cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how are FAs and lipids transported?

A

by making them triglycerides that are then transported by VLDL or albumin

albumin transports up to 10 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

provide 2 reasons why adipose tissue is not as inactive as we think

A
  1. extensive glutamine metabolism
  2. hybernation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

HSL plays a major role in

A

metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how is HSL regulated

A
  • inactivated by insulin
  • activated by epinephrine & glucagon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

w/ HSL what is the fate of glycerol?

A

taken back to glycolysis or gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

brown adipose tissue is high in

A
  • MTCH content
  • vascularization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the relation of brown adipose tissue in obese ppl?

A

decreased levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

non-shivering thermogenesis is reliant on what ETS uncoupling protein>

A

thermogenin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

explain the function of thermogenin

A
  • couples ATP synthesis to electron/proton movement to generate heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

explain how the muscle chooses to use different fuels according to work load

A
  • resting: uses FA from adipose tissues and ketone bodies
  • working: glucose, FA, ketone bodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when a muscle’s maximal work load is reached what is the alternate ATP supply?

A

phosphocreatine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what production is favored when a muscle is at its maximal work load? what are the predominant cycles?

A
  • favored: lactate production
  • cycles: cori & anerobic glycolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the brains 2 primary fuels?

A

glucose & ketone bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the 2 major fuels of the body?

A

FA & carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the storage forms of FAs and carbohydrates?

A

FAs: triglycerides
carbohydrates: glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the 4 major hormone classes?

A
  1. peptides
  2. amines
  3. steroids
  4. elcosanoids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

peptides are produced by the

A

hypothalamus & pituitary gland

act on pancreas to release insulin,glucagon.somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are amines formed from? give some examples

A

formed from: tyrosine
ex: epinephrine, thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

steroids are formed from? give some examples

A

formed from: cholesterol
ex: Vit.D calcitriol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

elcosanoids are fromed from

A

20 carbon fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the regulation methods for hormone concentrations?

A
  • secretion
  • internalization
  • degradation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what specific types of hormones have a rapid response? which have a slow-acting reponse? what are the reasons for this?

A

rapid: peptides, amines
slow-acting: thyroid, cortisol
reasons: mode of action & receptor location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

list the Hierarchy of Hormonal Control

A

environment -> CNS -> hypothalamus -> pituitary -> secondary organs -> primary targets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the 2 organs of the endocrine network?

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. adrenal medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does the hypothalamus answer to?

A

the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the adrenal medulla produces

A

epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the pituitary gland releases hormones to

A

secondary organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are the 5 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that activate secondary organs?

A
  1. ACH
  2. TSH
  3. FSH
  4. LH
  5. GH
39
Q

what are the 2 major functions of the pancreas

A
  • exocrine: insulin & glucagon
  • endocrine: aids in digestion
40
Q

the pancreas produces peptide hormones by cells types. Which cells produce which hormones?

A
  • a cells: glucagon
  • B-cells: insulin
  • S-cells: somatostatin
41
Q

what 3 hormones play a major role in regulating glucose metabolism in the body?

A
  1. insulin: glucose needs to be used
  2. glucagon: glucose needs to be made/conserves
  3. epinephrine
42
Q

the release of insulin is tightly regulated by

A

blood glucose

43
Q

what 2 major metabolic activities are stimulated by insulin?

A
  1. glucose uptake/use
  2. FA synthesis/storage
44
Q

list some activities that are increased w/ insulin

A
  • glucose uptake
  • glycolysis
  • glycogenesis
  • FA syn
  • TG syn
45
Q

which enzymes are increased w/ insulin

A
  • glucokinase
  • PFK-1
  • PDH
  • glycogen synthase
  • AcCoA carboxylase
46
Q

which activities are decreased by insulin?

A

glycogenolysis

47
Q

which enzyme activities are decreased by insulin?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

48
Q

what is released in response to low glucose concentrations

A

glucagon

49
Q

list the 3 methods in which glucagon can help to increase blood glucose levels

A
  1. glycogen metabolism
  2. glucose metabolism
  3. FA metabolism
50
Q

what are the metabolic effects of glucagon in the liver?

A
  • glycogenolysis: I phosphorylase
  • glycogenesis: D glycogen synthase
  • glycolysis: D PFK-1
  • gluconeogenesis: I F16BiP —- D PK
51
Q

what is the effect of glucagon in adipose tissue?

A

fatty acid mobilization: I HSL

52
Q

what are the physiological effects exhibited by epinephrine?

A
  • I pluse rate
  • I BP
  • D dialation

increase O2 delivery to muscles

53
Q

what are the metabolic effects exhibited by epinephrine?

A
  • I [blood glucose]
  • glucose metabolism
  • FA metabolism
  • hormonal signals
54
Q

list 4 reasons why we can NOT survive 3 months w/o eating

A
  1. ketacedosis
  2. below 50% body protein
  3. dehydration
  4. osmolarity
55
Q

how can the liver adapt to starvation?

A
  1. break down proteins for glucose
  2. use products from the TCA cycle to make glucose
  3. oxidizes FAs
  4. KB increases
56
Q

what might be an adaptation in repose to calorie restricted diets and cancer?

A

cahexia

57
Q

name the two serums that when decreased can induce apoptosis in cultured cells

A

FBS & BSA

58
Q

what is the function of the liver

A

service organ

59
Q

what are some major pathways of the liver?

A
  • urea cycle
  • bile salts syn
60
Q

major substrates of the liver

A
  • FA
  • glucose
  • lactate
  • glycerol
  • AAs
61
Q

liver products

A
  • glucose
  • VLDL
  • HDL
  • urea
  • uric acid
62
Q

liver specialty enzymes

A
  • glucokinase
  • G-6-P
  • glycerol kinase
  • PEPCK
  • arginase
  • HMGCoA synthase
  • HMGCoA lyase
63
Q

brain function

A

coordinate events

64
Q

brain major pathways

A
  • glycolysis
  • AA metabolism
65
Q

brain substrates

A
  • glucose
  • AA
  • ketone bodies
66
Q

brain major product

A

lactate

67
Q

heat function

A

circulation

68
Q

heart major pathways

A

aerobic

69
Q

heart substrates

A
  • FAs
  • lactate
  • glucose
70
Q

heart specialty enzymes

A
  • lipoprotein lipase
  • extensive electron transport chain
71
Q

function of adipose tissue

A

store and release triglycerides

72
Q

adipose tissue major pathways

A
  • FA esterification
  • triglycerides hydrolysis
73
Q

adipose tissue major substrates

A
  • glucose
  • lipoproteins
74
Q

adipose tissue major products

A
  • FAs
  • glycerol
75
Q

adipose tissue specialty enzymes

A
  • lipoprotein lipase
  • hormone sensitive lipase
76
Q

muscle function

A

motion

77
Q

muscle major pathways

A
  • glycolysis
  • aerobic
78
Q

muscle major substrates

A
  • glucose
  • ketone bodies
  • FAs
79
Q

muscle major products

A

lactate

80
Q

muscle specialty enzymes

A
  • lipoprotein lipase
  • extensive electron transport system
80
Q

kidneys function

A

excretion

makes glucose in extended starvation

81
Q

kidneys major pathways

A
  • gluconeogenesis
  • arginine synthesis
82
Q

kidneys major substrates

A
  • FAs
  • lactate
  • glycerol
83
Q

kidneys major products

A

glucose

84
Q

kidneys specialty enzymes

A

PEPCK

85
Q

RBCS function

A

oxygen transport

86
Q

RBCs major pathways

A
  • glycolysis
  • PPP
87
Q

RBCs major substrates

A

glucose

88
Q

RBCs major products

A

lactate

89
Q

RBCs specialty protein

A

hemoglobin

90
Q

diabetes is a disease of

A

carbohydrate metabolism

91
Q

what are the characteristics, causes, and treatments for type I diabetes?

A

characteristics: D B-cells, hyperglycemia, low insulin
treatments: insulin
causes: autoimmune destruction

92
Q

what are the characteristics, causes, and treatments for type II diabetes?

A

characteristics: peripheral insulin resistance
causes: insulin insensitivity
treatment: excerise, diet

93
Q

why is diabetes so dangerous?

A

advanced glycation endproducts: OH reacts w/ lipoproteins/liporeceptors causing extensive damage

94
Q

what are the symptoms of type I diabetes?

A

polydypsia, polyuria

Biochemistry II (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions