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Body Logistics > Integrating Cells Into Tissues > Flashcards

Integrating Cells Into Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

How long can packed red cells be stored at 6 degrees C?

A

42 days

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2
Q

How long can packed red cells be frozen for?

A

10 years (but they are rarely frozen)

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3
Q

What is a tight junction and what is its function?

A

Where adjacent cells are held tightly together - forms a seal to prevent molecules from passing between 2 cells so anything on the lumen side has to pass through the cell rather than between the cells

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4
Q

Is a tight junction impenetrable?

A

Tight junctions are impenetrable and selective

E.g. Bacteria cannot pass into the lining o the intestine

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5
Q

Describe gap junctions

A

Allow cells to communicate effectively with each other
Proteins called Connexons form channels for ions and small molecules between cells
Allow messages to pass between cells to allow communication and co ordinate function eg cilia beating together

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6
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

A structure by which 2 adjacent cells are attached, formed from protein plaques in the cell membrane frames by filaments

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7
Q

What is the function of desmosomes?

A

Strengthen the connections between intermediate cells. Resistant against stretching and twisting.

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8
Q

Where are desmosomes found?

A

Found between epithelial cells which need to withstand stress, e.g. Skin
2 cells come together under or between tight junctions

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9
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

The structural site for overlying cells and underlying connective tissue.

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10
Q

What are the 2 ways cells can attach to the basement membrane?

A

Hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions

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11
Q

Describe hemidesmosomes

A

Hemidesmosomes (HD) are very small stud- or rivet-like structures on the inner basal surface of keratinocytes in the epidermis of skin. They are similar in form to desmosomes when visualized by electron microscopy. While desmosomes link two cells together, hemidesmosomes attach one cell to the extracellular matrix.

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12
Q

Where are hemidesmosomes found?

A

Tissues subject to abrasion such as skin and epithelium of oral cavity

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13
Q

Describe focal adhesions

A

Anchor intracellular actin filaments to the basement membrane.

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14
Q

What is a function of focal adhesions?

A

They play a prominent role in cell movement such as migration of epithelial cells in wound repair

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15
Q

What are integrins?

A

Transmembrane proteins that function mechanically by attaching the cell cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix,and biochemically, by sensing whether adhesion has occurred

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16
Q

What are the 2 main functions of integrins?

A

Attachment of the cell to the ECM

Signal transduction from the ECM to the cell

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17
Q

What are some lesser functions of integrins?

A

Immune patrolling and cell migration

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18
Q

Is it possible to separate cels from tissues?

A

Yes, using collagenase or microdissection. The cells can then be cultures in Petrina dishes or flasks.
Need to provide nutrients, control pH, temperature and oxygen, and prevent bacterial contamination

19
Q

Do cultured cells look the same as the same cells in tissues?

A

No, they look and behave differently. They also demonstrate contact inhibition

20
Q

Do cultured cells demonstrate senescence?

A

Yes, they have a limited lifespan

21
Q

What is direct contact communication?

A

Adjacent cells communicate by ions and small molecules passing through connexons in gap junctions

22
Q

What is autocrine communication?

A

Cell communication whereby a cell secretes a chemical which attaches to receptors on the same cells

23
Q

What is paracrine communication?

A

Cell communication whereby a cell secretes chemicals which interact with cells near it

24
Q

What is endocrine communication?

A

Cell communication whereby a cell secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream (ductless) which act on distant target cells.

25
Q

What is synaptic communication?

A

Cell communication whereby electric signal travels along a nerve, which stimulated release of neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse and stimulates the target cell

26
Q

What is neurocrine communication?

A

Cell communication whereby an electric signal travels along a nerve and releases signal into the bloodstream.
Examples are the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary and adrenal medulla

27
Q

What are the 2 methods by which cells can die?

A

Apoptosis and necrosis

28
Q

Describe necrosis

A

Necrosis caused by physical disruption through the cell though injury e.g. Bacteria
Cell loses functional control
Osmotic pressure
Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria
Breakdown of plasma membrane, organelles and nucleus
Cell bursts
Contents spill

29
Q

Describe apoptosis

A 
Condensation of chromatin
Membrane blabs form
Cellular fragmentation
Apoptotic bodies form
Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
Regulated by Bcl-2 protein
30
Q

What does static mean in relation to cell renewal? Give some examples of static cells

A

Barely change/renew

CNS, cardiac and cake legal muscle cells

31
Q

What does stable mean in relation to cell renewal? Give some examples of stable cells

A

Change/renew sometimes

Fibroblasts, endothelium, smooth muscle

32
Q

What does renewing mean in relation to cell renewal? Give some examples of renewing cells

A

Renew/change frequently

Blood, skin epithelium, gut epithelium

33
Q

What are the 2 main types of organisms in nature?

A

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

34
Q

What is the origin of the mitochondria?

A

At some stage an aerobic bacterium was taken into an anaerobic eukaryocyte and formed an organelle which later became a mitochondrium – cells and complex life could develop.

35
Q

Define tissue

A

A collection of cells working together to achieve a common function

36
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Nerve
Connective tissue

37
Q

Give some examples of specialised connective tissues?

A 
Adipose
Lymphatic
Blood
Haemopoietic
Cartilage
Bone
38
Q

Describe epithelium and where it is found

A

A tissue composed of cells that covers the exterior body surface and lines internal closed cavities and body tubes that communicate with the exterior. Epithelium also forms the secretory portion of glands and lines their ducts. In addition, specialised epithelium functions as receptors for the special senses (smell, taste, hearing and vision)

39
Q

Do epithelial cells have a free surface?

A

Yes, they exhibit polarity and comprise
Apical domain
Lateral domain
Basal domain

40
Q

What are epithelioid cells?

A

Epithelial cells which do not have surface, e.g. Leydig cells in the testes, lutenin cells in the ovaries, Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, parenchyma of the adrenal glands

41
Q

Are all apical domains the same?

A

No, they are specialised depending on the tissue

42
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Cytoplasmic processes that extend from the cell

surface. Examples are intestine and kidney tubule

43
Q

What are stereovilli?

A

Particularly long microvilli limited to epididymis

and sensory hair cells of the ear

44
Q

What are cilia?

A

Motile cytoplasmic processes that can beat in
synchrony with a rapid forward movement called the
effective stroke and a slower return recovery stroke.
Examples are the tracheobronchial tree and the oviducts

Body Logistics (15 decks)

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