Integrated Sciences - Bio Flashcards

Question

What is the Muscular system?

Answer 1

* Consists of muscles (lol no way)`1` * Generates heat * Voluntary and Involuntary Movement * Voluntary Movement: Moving your arms and legs and stuff * Involuntary Movement: Move blood throughout the body & move food through digestive system ## Footnote `1`There are 3 types of muscles but that seemed way too complicated however if you want to look at them go to the slides

Answer 2

* Consists of Heart, Blood & Blood Vessels`1` * Transport of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes * Helps regulate body temperature * Carries cells and antibodies that fight infection | `1` Blood Vessels include arteries, veins and capillaries

Answer 3

* Consists of the diaphragm, lungs and associated tubes * Brings in Oxygen for cellular respiration * Gets rid of CO2 waste * Relies on circulatory system for gas transport`1` | `1`Blood transports the oxygen gained throughout the body

Answer 4

* Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and accessory organs, such as liver and pancreas * It breaks down food, both physically (mechanically) and chemically * It gets nutrients which is then distributed to the body through the circulatory system * It eliminates waste

Answer 5

* Consists of the skin, liver, kidneys, bladder & associated tubes * It removes waste from the body, using sweat glands in the skin, removing toxins using the liver and using the kidneys to filter blood`1` | `1` This is also why its called Urinary System

Answer 6

* In males, consists of testes & penis * In females, consists of ovaries, uterus & vagina * Produces Gametes`1` * Is responsible for reproduction (I mean its kinda simple idk what else to write) | `1`More information on gametes later

Answer 7

* Consists of the Central Nervous System, the brain and spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System, the nerves * Central Nervous system is responsible for general thoughts, feelings and telling the rest of the body what to do * Peripheral Nervous system sort of act as messengers. They bring information, such as touch and pain, to the brain to interpret, and they bring information from the brain to the rest of the body, to tell it what to do

Answer 8

* Consists of various glands across the body * These glands secrete hormones that prompt various bodily functions

Answer 9

Creates and secretes hormones that control multiple body functions, including growth, development, metabolism, sexual development, etc. | Direct copy from Body systems review slide 45

Answer 10

* Consists of White Blood Cells, Spleen, Lymph nodes, glands and vessels * Responsible for protection against disease * Collects intercellular fluids (aka lymph) and returns it to the circulatory system`1` | `1`More information on this later once again

Answer 11

Cartilage is a sort of soft connective tissue that's basically just "soft bone". Its more flexible than bone, because its used in joints, such as the knees and elbows.

Answer 12

The Diaphragm is a muscle underneath the lungs which expands and contracts to allow the lungs to breath in and out

Answer 13

They act as chemical messengers that activate certain body functions. For example, Testosterone is a hormone that prompts puberty in males, while Estrogen does the same in females

Answer 14

When food gets broken down in physical ways, e.g chewing in the mouth, or stomach churns to break down the food

Answer 15

When food is broken down through chemical means, e.g acid in the stomach | me fr Enzymes are almost always responsible for chemical digestion

Answer 16

* Starts at the Mouth * Esophagus * Stomach * Small Intestine * Ends at the Large Intestine

Answer 17

Begin Physical & Chemical Digestion. Physical by chewing the food, and chemical by breaking it down with the saliva. Carbs begin to be digested here.

Answer 18

It transport food to the stomach using peristalsis | Ill explain peristalsis later

Answer 19

To digest food more physically and chemically. Physically through churning, and chemically through stomach acid. This is where proteins are digested.

Answer 20

Chemical Digestion & it moves nutrients into the bloodstream using villi | More on Villi later again

Answer 21

Water and electrolytes are removed from waste, the waste is stored in the rectum and excreted from the anus

Answer 22

Muscular Contractions in the esophagus that move food down into the stomach

Answer 23

Villi are small finger like projections on the walls of the small intestine that are there to increase the surface area, and allow nutrients to be absorbed more efficiently

Answer 24

Oxygen - from the Respiratory System Nutrients - from the Digestive System

Answer 25

1. Nose and/or mouth 2. pharynx (back of throat) and larynx (voicebox) 3. trachea (aka – windpipe) 4. lungs 5. trachea splits into two bronchi - one for each lung 6. smaller and smaller bronchioles 7. alveoli – covered in capillaries for gas exchange with blood -> oxygen is delivered to all cells by the blood | I suggest looking at the slides for more detail and pictures

Answer 26

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration | Remember the skittles example Ms Dufault showed us in class

Answer 27

The alveoli are air sacks that are responsible for taking the oxygen out of the air and putting it into the bloodstream. The alveoli are very small and theres a lot of them

Answer 28

The reason is that the smaller and more of them there are, the more surface area there is, similar to the Villi. This allows them to absorb Oxygen much more efficiently.

Answer 29

Chloroplasts (Which contains the chemical for Photosynthesis, Chlorphyll)

Answer 30

Plants don't have bones, so they need another way of staying upright to reach the sunlight, which is what cell walls are used for

Answer 31

Chlorphyll | (Which is located inside the organelles, Chloroplasts)

Answer 32

6 Water + 6 Carbon Dioxide ---> 1 Glucose + 6 Oxygen 6 H2O + 6 CO2 ---> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 | Light energy is used to transform it

Answer 33

The stomata is located on the bottom of leaves to keep them in the shade and prevent sunlight from evaporating too much water

Answer 34

2 guard cells on either side

Answer 35

Gas Exchange, the stomata open to collect carbon dioxide and oxygen, however risk losing water in the process

Answer 36

A waxy, protective covering on the plants. They are hydrophobic to prevent water loss, and they keep out unwanted substances

Answer 37

During the day due to photosynthesis, and they close during the night

Answer 38

- Anchor the plants in the ground - Store food - Collect Water and minerals (tiny root hairs absorb most of it)

Answer 39

They appear as veins on the leaves, and are also in the roots and the stem. Vascular Tissue transports water, minerals and glucose throughout the plant. There are 2 types of Vascular tissue, Xylem and Phloem

Answer 40

Xylem is a transport tissue in the plant which distributes water & dissolved minerals from roots to leaves. Nutrients only go upwards

Answer 41

Phloem is a transport tissue in the plant which distributes sugars from photosynthetic cells in the leaves to living cells throughout the plant. This glucose goes both directions.

Answer 42

Light Energy | (Abhinav somehow took 4 tries to figure this out)

Answer 43

The Mitochondria | (is the powerhouse of the cell)

Answer 44

Adenosine Triphosphate and Adenosine Diphosphate | (this isn't that important if you don't want to memorize it)

Answer 45

To store energy

Answer 46

When energy is needed, a phosphate is broken off of an ATP molecule, turning it into ADP. When food is eaten, it is converted to a phosphate molecule and connected back onto the ADP to turn it back into ATP ## Footnote There's a great image on the slides that you can look at, but i can't put it on here because Brainscape is blegh also the thingy is on slide 5

Answer 47

Glucose + 6 Oxygen ——> 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water C6H12O6 + 6O2——> 6CO2 + 6H2O | Generates ATP This is also the reverse of the Photosynthesis formula, which makes it easier to memorize

Answer 48

The Cellular Carbon Cycle is a cycle of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in plants. They generate Glucose and Oxygen, and then consume it to create Energy, Carbon Dioxide and Water. They use this Carbon Dioxide and Water to Photosynthesize again, and then repeat the process ## Footnote There's a great image on the slides that you can check out, but I can't put it on here because Brainscape is blegh also its on Slide 18

Answer 49

- Growth & repair - Transport - Reproduction - Synthesis of molecules (these are just some examples from the slides)

Answer 50

Glycolysis is the process of the splitting a glucose molecule. This occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells (every organism). 2 ATP is made during Glycolysis, which is a little. Glucose is broken down further, however this happens in different ways, depending on if oxygen is present or not.

Answer 51

Anaerobic Respiration occurs after Glycolysis, if no oxygen is present. Also known as fermentation, it occurs in the Cytoplasm and makes a small amount of ATP. It creates Carbon Dioxide and lactic acid or alcohol and it only partially breaks down the glucose. It can be in the form of either Alcoholic Fermentation or Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 52

Aerobic Respiration occurs after Glycolysis, if oxygen is present. It occurs in the mitochondria and makes a lot of ATP. It completely breaks down Glucose and also creates carbon dioxide and water. This is also literally just basic cellular respiration that we've been learning about.

Answer 53

Alcoholic Fermentation is a form of Anaerobic Respiration, which occurs in yeast and bacteria. CO2 and alcohol is made as a result. Shockingly, Beer and Wine are made using this.

Answer 54

Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs in some Bacteria and animals and makes Lactic Acid (Surprisingly). In animals, it occurs as a result of tiring exercise, or when a burst of energy is needed. This results in a burning sensation or fatigue, such as when you work out.

Answer 55

You should check out the thingy on the slides. Its an image on slide 7 and its way better than whatever garbage I wrote down

Answer 56

The Active Site. Each Enzyme has an active site that is molded to its specific substrate

Answer 57

When an enzyme denatures, it is completely unusable, and cannot be repaired. It happens when an enzyme is in an environment that is too far from its ideal pH and temperature

Answer 58

The specific pH and temperature that the enzyme works most efficiently in. It varies between different enzymes

Answer 59

A catalyst is something that speeds a process up. In biology, catalysts are called Enzymes and exist to catalyze various reactions, meaning they speed them up.

Answer 60

Depending on the enzyme, substrates can be either broken apart, or bonded together

Answer 61

Substrate concentration is the amount of substrate in a specific area. The more substrate there is, the higher the reaction rate. However if there is too much substrate, the reaction rate of the enzymes can no longer increase, as there are too many substrates and not enough enzymes | me fr

Answer 62

Enzymes are never used up in a reaction | HOWEVER, if they become denatured, they are unusable.

Answer 63

The reaction rate is the speed at which the enzymes process substrates. Certain conditions, such as being in the optimal pH and temperature, will allow the reaction rate of the enzymes to increase.

Answer 64

Substrates are molecules such as sugars, proteins and starches that are processed by the enzymes