Integrated circuits Flashcards
What are integrated circuits (ICs)?
Integrated circuits (ICs) are a combination of several electronic components in a common housing, providing a very high density of components in a compact arrangement.
What are two major advantages of ICs?
The major advantages of ICs are their compact size and high resistance to mechanical stress.
What is one significant disadvantage of ICs?
A significant disadvantage of ICs is that they cannot be repaired; a defective IC must always be replaced.
Name three components usually integrated into ICs.
Semiconductors (transistors, diodes), resistors, and capacitors are usually integrated into ICs.
Why are inductances typically not integrated into ICs?
Inductances are typically not integrated into ICs due to their large space requirements.
In what types of devices can ICs be found?
ICs can be found in all modern appliances, both analogue and digital.
What is the basic function of logic circuits on ICs?
Logic circuits on ICs perform desired functions by manipulating signals through logic gates, representing binary 1s and 0s.
What is the purpose of logic gate symbols?
Logic gate symbols advise what inputs are required for the desired output.
Describe the NOT gate function.
A NOT gate, or inverter, outputs the opposite logic level to its input; if the input is 1, the output is 0, and vice versa.
What is the output of an AND gate when both inputs are 1?
The output of an AND gate is 1 only when both inputs are 1.
What condition produces a HIGH output in an OR gate?
An OR gate produces a HIGH output if at least one input is HIGH.
How does a NAND gate function differently from an AND gate?
A NAND gate functions like an AND gate followed by a NOT gate, producing an output that is the inverse of the AND gate output.
What is the truth table for a NOR gate?
The truth table for a NOR gate shows that the output is 1 only when all inputs are 0.
Describe the function of an XOR gate.
An XOR gate produces a HIGH output when exactly one of the inputs is HIGH.
What are linear integrated circuits?
Linear integrated circuits are those where a linear relationship exists between voltage and current, often used in small signal amplifiers, differentiators, and integrators.
What is a key characteristic of an operational amplifier (Op-amp)?
An operational amplifier (Op-amp) has very high gain, very high input impedance, and very low output impedance.
What type of circuits commonly use Op-amps?
Op-amps are commonly used in signal processing circuits, control circuits, and instrumentation
How does an Op-amp’s inverting input affect the output signal?
The signal applied to an Op-amp’s inverting input will be reversed in polarity at the output.
What were the primary functions of early operational amplifiers?
Early operational amplifiers were used to perform mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation.
What components were used to construct early operational amplifiers?
Early operational amplifiers were constructed with vacuum tubes and worked with high voltages.
How are modern operational amplifiers different from early ones?
Modern operational amplifiers are linear Integrated Circuits (ICs) that use relatively low DC supply voltages and are reliable and inexpensive.
What are the input terminals of an operational amplifier called?
The input terminals of an operational amplifier are the inverting input ( - ) and the non-inverting input ( + ).
How are pins numbered on a typical DIP/DIL IC?
Pins on a typical DIP/DIL IC are numbered in an anti-clockwise direction from the top, with pin number 1 usually marked with a dot.
