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Integ > INTEG 1 > Flashcards

INTEG 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Primary Function of Skin?

A

Barrier against Physical/Chemical and Biological Agent

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2
Q

State 3 other Functions of Skin?

A

Homeostatic (Temp & Water), Sensation, Secretory/Nutritional (Vit. D Production), Insulation, Cosmetic, Camouflage

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3
Q

State the 3 Basic Layers of Skin

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Tissue)

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4
Q

What is the Epidermis?

A

Everything down to Stratum Basale, varies in thickness

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5
Q

What is the Dermis?

A

Contains the Vessels and Nerves, between Stratum Basale and Adipose Tissue

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6
Q

What is the Hypodermis?

A

Connective/Adipose Tissue

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7
Q

State the Structure of the Epidermis and their Function

A

Stratum Corneum – Form Layers of Cells that cause the Outer Layer to Pull Away, Forms Soft Keratin (Has Lipids in it)

Stratum Granulosum – Granular Leaking (Precursor to Keratin). Keratinocytes then die and form Sheets of Keratin. Contains Keratohyalin (Keratin) and Lamellar (Adipose) Cells

Stratum Spinosum – Lots of Strong Desmosomes (Holds Cytoskeleton together)

Stratum Basale – Stem Cells that Divide to form Cells above them Flatten to form Horny Layer

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8
Q

What is a Friction Blister?

A

Constant Friction, cells burst forms clear liquid. Forms a Lump as Osmolality Vessels leak to balance this

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9
Q

What is Psoriasis?

A

Turnover of Horny Layer is too Rapid. Skin becomes Hardened and Sensitive

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10
Q

What is the Stratum Lucidum?

A

The Clear Layer found in Thick Skin contains immature Keratin (Eleidin)

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11
Q

State the types of Melanocyte?

A

Eumelanin (Brown/Black) and Pheomelanin (Red/Yellow)

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12
Q

What is Vitiligo?

A

Destruction of Melanocytes, could be Autoimmune or Infection

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13
Q

What are Langerhan Cells? Give an Example of how this can go wrong.

A

APCs – Mobile, present Ags to Lymph. Eczema/Skin Allergy

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14
Q

What are Merkel Cells?

A

Appear to be Sensory Cells. Mechanoreceptors? Modulate Nerve Sensitivity?

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15
Q

State 3 Facts about Hair.

A

Hard Keratin (No Lipids), have a Muscle Attached, Pubes grow in Tubular Cone

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16
Q

State the difference between the 2 types of Sweat Gland

A

Apocrine – Smell Bacteria Metabolise Secretions and under Adrenergic Control Ltd. Distribution

Eccrine – Just Sweat and Cholinergic Everywhere

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17
Q

What are Sebaceous Glands?

A

Produce Sebum that Lubes and Protects Hair

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18
Q

State 3 facts about Nails.

A

Hard Keratin, Nail Matrix forces Growth, Grows 3mm/month, Nail Bed (under nail) very sensitive

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19
Q

What is the Advantage of Goose Pimples? How does it happen?

A

Muscle on Hair Contracts, Hair Stands on End, Traps Layer of Air for Insulation

20
Q

Why is Vit. D Production Important and how do we get it?

A

Ca2+/PO42- Metabolism, Prevention of Rickets, 90% formed in Skin & rest from Diet

21
Q

Why is Vasculature in the Skin important?

A

Temp. Regulation

22
Q

Outline the Adaptations and Advantages of Skin Vasculature.

A

2 Plexuses offering Deep Dermal and Capillary Control, allows different degrees of shutting off blood flow

23
Q

Outline the Common Types of Nerve Fibres in Skin

A

Pain, Temp, Pressure/Mechanical

24
Q

State the Different Types of Innervation in Skin and their Function

A
  • Free Nerve Endings (Heat/Pain/Pressure), Hair Follicle Receptor (Mechanoceptors)
  • Ruffini Endings/Corpuscles (Slowly-Adapting Mechanoceptors)
  • Meissner Corpuscles on Hairless Skin (Sense Stretch of Incorporated Collagen Fibres)
  • Pacinian Corpuscles lots in Fingertips (Rapidly Adapting Mechanoceptors)
  • Merkel Cells (Slowly Adapting Mechanoceptors)
25
Q

What is the difference between Insults and Integuments?

A

Integument – Skin, Hair or Nails

Insults – Stresses e.g. Dehydration or Infection

26
Q

State 5 Insults.

A

Dehydration, Heat Loss (Hypo/Hyperthemia), Infection, Protein/Electrolyte Loss, CO, Renal Failure, Radiation/UV, Allergens, irritants, Microbes, Physical Trauma (Burns, Friction, Pressure)

27
Q

State 5 features designed to protect against Insults and how they’re adapted to do so.

A
  • Drying (Waterproof Epidermis & Oil from Sebaceous Glands)
  • Friction/Impact (Nails, Thick Reforming Keratin, Basement Membrane for Anchorage
  • Collagen Fibres in Dermis), Heat (Sweating & Vasodilation)
  • Cold (Subcut. Fat, Hair & Adaptable Blood Supply)
  • Burns/Injury (Thick Regenerating Epidermis) –
  • Radiation/Sunlight (Melanin & Thick Epidermis)
  • Infections (Resident Immune System),
28
Q

How does Protection against UV occur?

A

Melanocytes secrete Melanin which is taken up by neighbouring cells. Melanocytes are arranged in Cap to Protect against DNA Damage

29
Q

What is tanning and why is it significant?

A

Increased Melanocyte Activity increased Skin Thickening caused by DNA Damage

30
Q

How can we protect ourselves against Microbes?

A

Dendritic Cells, Langerhan Cells Present Ags and Form Immunity Network in Epidermis

31
Q

What is Lichenification?

A

Extreme Hyperkeratosis –> Excessive Rubbing/Scratching

32
Q

What type of UV penetrates the Skin and how does it cause Damage?

A

UVA, Radiation Burn Blister, Inflammation, Cell Death/DNA Damage & Increased Risk of Cancer

33
Q

What is Polymorphic Light Eruption?

A

Allergy to the Sun

34
Q

What is Solar Elastosis?

A

Loss of Elasticity due to the Sun

35
Q

What is a Naevus? (Naevi plural)

A

Benign Proliferation of Melanocytes - Increased Risk of Melanoma

36
Q

What is Ephelides?

A

Freckles – Strong Genetic Link – Sun-Exposed Areas

37
Q

What are Solar Lentigos? Who is more likely to get them?

A

Liver Spots, the Elderly

38
Q

What are Solar Keratoses?

A

Dysplastic Growth of Keratinocytes – Early Sign of Cancer

39
Q

What are the different types of Skin Cancer? What Cell Types do they affect

A

Melanoma (Melanocytes), Non-Melanoma (Keratinocytes)

40
Q

What are the different types of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma & Basal Cell Carcinoma

41
Q

What are the different types of Dermatitis and which is more common?

A

Irritant Contact (Common) & Allergic Contact (Rare)

42
Q

Describe Irritant Dermatitis.

A

Hyperexposure of a Substance - Decrease Usage, Redness, Itching, Blisters/Scratching

43
Q

Describe Allergic Dermatitis.

A

Allergy to Something (Sensitation can occur over a long or short period), Tiny amount may be sufficient

  1. Sensitisation – Langerhans present Ag to Lymphocyte
  2. Delay Hypersensitivity – Memory T Cells remember for the next time contact occurs
44
Q

What are Dermal Papillae?

A

Where Vessels try to Reach the Surface

45
Q

What are Rete Ridges?

A

Where Dermis and Epidermis are forced together

46
Q

Why does Skin wrinkle in Water?

A

Granular Layer is where we make the Keratin & Lipids Hydrophobic. Outer Cells absorb Water but it cannot go anywhere. Outer Cells are fixed at one end and must therefore Wrinkle to expand with Water

47
Q

State the Types of Glands

A

Erocrine – Vesicles Fuse with the Membrane and Leaves

Apocrine – Pinches off Vesicles

Holocrine – Makes loads of Secretions until the Cell Explode

Integ (1 decks)

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