INT Flashcards
Define: Observation
A collection of measurements, notes,images, etc. to describe a phenomenon.
Define: Conclusion
THe summary of the results of an experiment ot set of experiments.
Define: Theory
Different researchers following the published finding the same results.
Define : Reproducible Result
A synthesis of information and well-tested hypotheses
Define: Hypothesis
A scientific idea undergoing testing
Along with Astronomy, what scientific discipline would be most useful in : determining which elements are in a meteorite?
Chemistry
Along with Astronomy, what scientific discipline would be most useful in : Determining the distance to nearby stars using a parallax?
Mathematics
Along with Astronomy: what scientific discipline would be most useful in : Using spectral lines to determine a star’s composition?
Chemistry
Along with Astronomy: what scientific discipline would be most useful in : Assessing the impact of a meteor on an ecosystem?
Biology
Along with Astronomy: what scientific discipline would be most useful in Testing a prediction of theory of relativity?
Mathematics
Unit of Measure for : diameter of lung alveoli
Micrometers
Unit of Measure for : Volume of air that cam be inhaled in a single breath
Liters
Unit of Measure for : Potential difference across a nerve synapse
Micrometers
Unit of Measure for : Resistance to an electrical current
Ohms
Unit of Measure for: work done by pushing a refrigerator across a room
Joules
What is the mechanical advantage of a lever?
A lever can use a small force over a small distance to produce a large force over a large distance at the opposite end of the lever.
Branch of Natural Science appropriate for: The study of forces, energy, heat, sound, light, and subatomic energies.
Physics
Branch of Natural Science appropriate for : The study of stars and planets.
Astronomy
Branch of Natural Science appropriate for: The study of electricity and electrical currents.
Physics
Branch of Natural Science appropriate for: The study of the interactions between compounds and molecules.
Chemistry
Branch of Natural Science appropriate for: The study of living organisms.
Biology
Branch of natural Science appropriate for : The study of geology, meteorology, and oceanography.
Earth Science
Advancement in fossil dating methods have provided important evidence for physicists studying the big bang theory.
Statement that illustrates the impact of a natural science discovery in another discipline.
A better understanding of the physical properties of sound has allowed for developments in liquid crystal displays.
Statement that illustrates the impact of a natural science discovery in another discipline.
Why must an Earth scientist understand chemistry?
Because chemical processes occur during the formation of sedimentary rocks and the processes in the core reflect processes occurring in the ocean.
Hypothesis must be falsifiable, and results must be repeated.
This statement is a requirement of Scientific Inquiry.
What makes a systems approach valid for scientific study?
Enables scientists to take into account the various parts of a system when making predictions about system behavior
What is the difference between a law and a theory?
Law explains why something should happen, Theory explains how something will happen.
Aristotle believed that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones based on his observation. How did new modes of thinking change his hypothesis?
Galileo experimented with different sized objects of the same material, nothing that they all fell at the same rate.
How does the big bang theory serve as a unifying theme in cosmology?
It explains a wide variety of physical processes including thermonuclear fusion and gravitational contraction of stars.
Name 2 actions that produce a decrease in both the electrical force and the gravitational force between two charged objects.
Decreasing the electrical charge and the mass of both objects. Increasing the distance between the objects.
A certain mass of hydrogen atoms is fused together within the Sun every second to become a lesser mass of helium atoms, and the missing mass is released as a radiant energy.
This describes the primary thermonuclear reaction that occurs within the sun.
2 phenomena that are the result of gravity between the moon and the earth.
Earth pulling the moon toward it. Phases of the moon.
Reason as to why did the discovery of cosmic background radiation wavelength of 7.35cm help to support the big bang theory of the universe.
Wavelength matches the predicted value for the current temperature of the universe. Radiation is coming from the center of the universe and expanding outward.
Reason as to why did the discovery of cosmic background radiation wavelength of 7.35cm help to support the big bang theory of the universe.
Wavelength matches the predicted value for the current temperature of the universe. Radiation is coming from the center of the universe and expanding outward.
Life cycle stage when a star: Burns hydrogen as its primary fuel.
Red Giant
Life cycle stage when a star: Is no longer undergoing fusion.
White Dwarf
Life cycle stage when a star: Begins to have carbon build-up in the core.
Red Giant
Life cycle when a star: Burns helium as its primary fuel.
White Dwarf
Life cycle stage when a star: Is near the final stage of evolution.
Red Giant
Which type of star will the Sun become?
Red Giant
Three helium nuclei are combined to form a carbon nucleus, releasing light energy?
Describes the process of thermonuclear fusion in a helium-burning star.
Frequency lower than that of visible light
Infrared waves,Microwaves,radio waves
Frequency lower than that of visible light
Microwaves, Infrared, radio waves
Frequency higher than that of visible light
X-Rays waves, Gamma Rays
Frequency within visible light spectrum
Ultraviolet Waves
Frequency higher than that of visible light
Gamma Rays, X-Rays
Frequency lower that that of visible light
Radio waves, Infrared waves, microwaves
At what speed do all electromagnetic waves propagate in a vacuum?
at the speed of light
How does light act as a wave?
It hits air particle, causing the air to vibrate at the frequency of light.
The sequence of the planets increasing in distance from the sun,
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, BELT, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
Most massive planet
Jupiter
Planet with the lowest density
Saturn
Planet that has a rotation axis that is tilted 98 degrees to the perpendicular of its orbit.
Uranus
Planet with a very strong magnetic field that produces the highest radiation levels ever measured in the solar system,
Jupiter
Planet composed primarily of rock and nitrogen ice.
Pluto
Tool used to observe: Meteor shower
Optical telescope
Tool used to observe: Quasar
Optical telescope
Tool used to observe: Pulsar
Optical Telescope
Tool used to observe: Constellation
Unaided Eye
Tool used to observe: Rilles on the moon’s surface
Optical telescope
Most practical use of: Ultraviolet Electromagnetic Waves
Killing bacteria and sanitizing instruments
Most practical use of: Microwaves
Cooking and heating food
Most practical use of: Gamma Rays
Medicine for cancer patients
Most practical use of: X-Rays
Identify broken bones
Most practical use of: Radio Waves
Transmit AM and FM radio stations
Description of Metamorphic Rocks
Can be foliated, contain minerals from igneous or sedimentary rocks, are crystallized from a melt.
Carbon arranged in a crystal lattice,
Property of
Diamond
Nonfoliated and metamorphic.
Property of
Marble
Large interlocking crystals of calcite.
Property of
Marble
Coarse grained and plutonic.
Property of
Granite
Four oxygen atoms joined to one silicon atom in a tetrahedron.
Property of
Silicate
Occurs when there is a difference in electrical potential. Is, a flow of charged particles. Forms concentric rings around a current=carrying wire
Describes Electricity
Deflects moving charged particles. Introduced by the flow of charged particle in the Earth’s liquid outer core.
Describes Magnetism
Describe how table salt is bonded together sodium chloride.
Electrons in salt are transferred to form cations and anions, Chlorine and sodium fill their outermost energy shells by donating or gaining electrons
How do molecules react to freezing?
They move slightly away from each other. They move more chaotically. They decrease in translational energy.
Characteristic of the MANTLE layer of earth.
Contains iron rich silicate rock. Contains Mohorovicic discontinuity
Characteristic of the CORE layer of earth.
Composed primarily of nickel and iron, Cannot be penetrated by S-waves.
Characteristic of the CRUST layer of earth.
Contains the highest concentration of silicia.
Describe the effects of the Earth’s Hadley Cells
Polar Desert. Trade winds. Ozone hole.
How is tectonie movement producing the Himalayan mountain range?
A continental plate is colliding with another continental plate, causing upward motion. A lithospheric plate is colliding with another lithospheric plate of similar buoyancy, causing upward motion.
Random molecular motion. Energy stored in glucose. Energy increased as an objects is raised to a greater height.
Characteristic of : Chemical Potential Energy
Random molecular motion. Propagation of sound.
Characteristic of: Kinectic Energy
Driving in a straight line at a constant speed.
Characteristic of Gravitational Potential Energy
What is the law of conservation of energy?
Energy can not be created nor destroyed.
How is energy transferred by radio waves?
Free electrons in the are are carried by radio waves until they are received by an antenna.
Properties shared by BOTH light and sound waves.
Can reflect from rough surfaces. Exhibit refraction. Vibrations of a material medium.
Property of Light waves.
Results from accelerating electrons.
Property of Sound waves
Vibrations of electromagnetic fields.
Illustrations of Newtons third law of motion.
A cannons recoils after shooting a cannonball, A pool ball accelerates after being hit with the pool stick.
Solar energy heating the lithosphere increases the magma chambers until they erupt volcanically. Using solar energy, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through photosynthesis.
Describes the role of solar energy
What effect does acid rain have on a marble building?
Dissolves the marble
Examples of how glaciers affect the Earth’s surface.
They transport sediment and deposit it as moraines.They enhance soil reep on steep slopes.
Which 2 gasses are most abundant in the Earth’s atmosphere?
Nitrogen and Oxygen
Upon the passage of a cold front, which changes in atmospheric conditions does and observer on the ground experience?
Cloudiness decreases and then increases after the passage of the front. Air temperature increases and then decreases after the passage of the front.
Application of Radioactive Tracer
Study engine wear in automobiles. Determine fertilizer absorption of plants. Diagnose disease. Locate leaks in faulty pipe system.
Application of Radioactive Treatment
Provide radiation cancer therapy
Technique/Tool - Satellite Remote Sensing
Assisting search and rescue operations, Assessing flood damage. Mapping the Earth’s surface.
Technique/Tool - Seismometers
Inferring the structure of the Earth’s interior. Measuring earthquake magnitude.
An example describing the relationship between abiotic and biotic components of a forest ecosystem.
Solar energy enabling plants to create organic molecules
3 ways Nitrogen moves between the abiotic and biotic components of the environment.
Animals receive nitrated from the soil by injesting plants. Detritivores convert dead organic matter into ammonium. Plants convert organic nitrogen to soil nitrate.
What is the effect of seasonal temperature variation on an organism living in a temperature forest?
A deciduous tree sheds its leaves in the fall.
Scientist grows a population of staph bacteria on a sterile plate which changes color after they reproduce. This typically happens after 12hrs. Does another on a plate with antibiotic and color change after 4 days. Plausible REASON?
One or more of the bacteria had a resistance to the effects of the antibiotic.
Population of rabbits is exposed to a lethal virus. Naturally immune rabbits survive infection by the virus and continue to breed while non-immune die. How does this support the theory of Evolution?
Scenario describes the process of natural selection and the effect of endosymbiosis.
Give 2 examples of Parasitic Relationship
Fleas living on a dog. Tapeworm in people.
Effect of a FOX being removed from a forest on the energy levels of the ecosystem.
Reduction of energy into the third level drops dramatically
Effect of TREES being removed from a forest on the energy levels of the ecosystem
Energy input to the first trophic level drops dramataically
Effect of a OWL being removed from a forest on the energy levels of the ecosystem
Reduction of energy into the third trophic level
Effect of GRASS being removed from a forest on the energy levels of the ecosystem
Energy input into the first trophic level drops dramatacilly
Effect of a RABBIT being removed from a forest o the energy elevels of the ecosystem
No drop in the first or second trophic levels
Where does the majority of the energy go that a cow receives from eating grass.
Primary producers, maintenance, and secondary productivity
Which resource defines a filter-feeding whales niche?
Plankton
Examples of Eukaryote ANIMALS
Sponges, multicellular heterotrophs that nutrients by ingestion, Spiderd, multicellular heterotrophs with an exoskeleton
Examples of Eukaryote PROTISTS
Giardia, a single celled heterotroph that causes severs gastric diseases in its host.
Examples of Eukaryote FUNGI
Yeast, single celled heterotroph used in baking
Examples of Eukaryote PLANTS
Mosses, multicellular terrestrial photosynthetic atotrophs
Linnean Taxonomy thought
Birds and crocs share a common ancestor. Whales are more evolutionary related to bears than fish.
Cladistic Taxonomy thought
Birds belong to the class Aves, and crocodiles belong to the class Reptillia. The scientific name for humans is Homo sapiens. Humans are more evolutionary related to button mushrooms than to celery.
Survival-enabling trait of BIRDS
Have hollow bones and are endothermic
Survival-enabling trait of FUNGI
Form symbiotic relationships with plant roots
Survival-enabling trait of MAMMALS
Endothermic and give birth to live young
Survival-enabling trait of FISHES
Some possess cartilaginous skeletons
Survival-enabling trait of PLANTS
Xylem and phloem transport nutrients. Are autotrophs
Why does an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause Earth’s average temperature to increase?
It causes greater thermal conduction at the Earth’s surface
In which group do all atoms have seven valence electrons in the ground state?
Halogens
Which parts of an atomic nucleus experience both repulsion due to the electrical force and attraction due to the strong nuclear force?
Protons and electrons
The element Carbon has three isotopes that are commonly found in nature: 12.c 13.c and 14.c
What holds true?
The atomic mases of all three isotopes is equivalent. A 12.c atom contains 12 valence electrons
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE examples
Solid sugar settled at the bottom of a glass of water. A volcanic ash cloud.
SOLUTION examples
carbonated water without bubbles in a sealed closed container. Oxygen dissolved in water. Water containing gas bubbles.
Match the nitrogenous base sequence with the base sequence that exists on the opposite DNA strand. ATCTCG
TAGAGC
Match the nitrogenous base sequence with the base sequence that exists on the opposite DNA strand. ACCTGA
TGGACT
Match the nitrogenous base sequence with the base sequence that exists on the opposite DNA strand. TCAATG
AGTTAC
Match the nitrogenous base sequence with the base sequence that exists on the opposite DNA strand. TGCCAG
ACGGTC
Match the nitrogenous base sequence with the base sequence that exists on the opposite DNA strand. GTCCAG
CAGGTC
Which role does energy play in the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen?
Energy is created by the reaction.
Cell structure of EUKARYOTIC CELLS
May possess pili. Possess a nucleus. Can be unicellular or multicellular.
Cell structure of both EUKARYOTIC CELLS and PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Contain chromosome DNA. Have a cell membrane.
Scenario of DIFFUSION
There is movement of oxygen molecules across a membrane form areas of high to low concentration.
Scenario of ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Carrier proteins using energy transport large molecules across the membrane.
Scenario of FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Carrier proteins passively transport large or polar molecules across the membrane
Scenario of EXOCYTOSIS
A vesicle fuese with the cell membrane and releases hormones outside of the cell
Scenario of ENDOCYTOSIS
An invagination of cell membrane brings bacteria into the cell.
2 statements that describe both Photosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis is carried out by chloroplasts, respiration by mitochondria. Oxygen is the product of photosynthesis but is consumed during respiration.
2 statements that are true of Mitosis and Meiosis
Results in diploid cells. Has two cell division stages.
2 statements defining Mendels’ law of Segregation
Pairs of alleles on different chromosomes separate individually during gamete formation. Two alleles for a heritable character separate during sex cell formation, and each ends up different sex cells.
Description of how cells, tissues, and organs of the circulatory system provide cells with oxygen,
Red blood cells found in blood pick up oxygen from the lungs, returning to the heart to be pumped to the body cells through arteries.
Why do many radiation therapy patients have low red blood cell count?
Bone marrow cells do not divide and therefore can not repair damage.
Genetic technology applications of: DNA FINGERPRINTING
Pedigree construction. Determination of paternity. Matching evidence of a suspect.
Genetic technology applications of RECOMBINANT DNA
Synthetic insulin production. Engineering microorganisms to extract heavy metals.
Objects to be observed with a SCANNING MICROSCOPE (SEM)
Virus coated with gold. Contours of an insects exoskeleton. Surface of yeast nucleus.
Objects to be observed with a TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Thin section of a plant mitochondrion. Isolated bacterial cell membrane stained with heavy metal
The cells that allow the immune system to respond more quickly to an antigen when it is encountered again later in life are called
Memory Cells
During the inflammatory response,
damaged tissues release histamines, fluid leaks from capillaries, causing swelling.
A difference between the innate immune system and the acquired immune system is
the innate immune system response is immediate, whereas the acquired immune response is delayed, peaking about 3 to 5 days after exposure.
Urine flows from the bladder out of the body through the
Uretha
From the glomerulus, _____ moves into the ____
the filtrate, Bowman’s capsule
A highly acidic mix of hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes is added to food in the
stomach
Which of the following structures are involved in moving air in and out of the lungs? A. Muscles between the ribs B. the diaphragm C. the epiglottis D. both A and B
Muscles between the ribs
The Diaphragm
D. both A and B
Carbon dioxide moves from the bloodstream to the alveoli through the process of
diffusion
Blood flowing back to the heart travels in
veins
From which blood vessels are materials exchanged between blood and body tissues?
capillaries
Blood in the left ventricle of the heart will be pumped to
arteries going to body tissues
Neurons that carry messages from the central nervous system to muscle cells or to other responsive organs are called
motor neurons
The heart is an example of
an organ
what is more likely to develop in older people who have been exposed to mutagenes (mutation-causing agents)
Cancer
Which would produce a frame shift mutation?
A. the deletion of a single nucleotide in a gene
B. coding sequence the insertion of a single nucleotide in a gene.
C. coding sequence the replacement of one nucleotide with another in a gene
D. coding sequence
A. the deletion of a single nucleotide in a gene-coding sequence
B. the insertion of a single nucleotide in a gene- coding sequence
A mutation in which one nucleotide is substituted for another is called a
point mutation
Codons that signal that there are no more amino acids in a protein are
stop codons
If an organisms diploid cells have 40 chromosomes, then its haploid cells have
20 chromosomes
During which stage of the cell cycle does a cell divide?
Mitosis
In the process of osmosis
A. Water diffuses from an area with a high concentration of water molecules to an area with a low concentration of water molecules
B. Water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
Water moves in and out of cells through
diffusion
