Insurance Flashcards
What type of risk does insurance protect against?
Pure risk NOT speculative risk
Pure risk vs speculative risk
PR - Loss or no loss // SR - Loss or gain
Avoidance - What severity/frequency?
HS HF
Reduce - What severity/frequency?
LS HF
Insure transfer - What severity/frequency?
HS LF
Retain - What severity/frequency?
LS LF
Terms to know - Law of large numbers
As an insurance company, they need to make sure there are a lot of homes that can get insurance (10 homes vs 3000 homes) if 3% of homes catch on fire
Terms to know - Perils
Cause of financial loss (Fire)
Terms to know - hazards (Physical, moral, morale)
Condition that increases the likelihood of a peril going to happen // Physical - Living in Oklahoma where there are tornados // Moral - Dishonesty // Morale - Unaware, indifference
Terms to know - Adverse selection
your insurance is based on your answers to questions - Adverse selction is when someone who has high risk but gets an average cost of insurance (Gain)
Terms to know - Requisites for an insurable risk
Cant be catrosphic for the insurance company // has to happen at some occurance // needs to be affordable
Terms to know - Principle of Indemnity
To make you whole (Car fully fixed)
Terms to know - Elements of a valid contract (COALL)
Competent parties, Offer and Acceptance, Legal Consideration, and Lawful purpose
Terms to know - Subrogation clause
your insurance pays for the collision that wasn’t your fault and then your insuance company will go get the money from the other person’s insurance company
The principal of insurable interest - Property and liability
Must exist at the time of policy inception AND at time of loss
The principal of insurable interest - Life insurance
only need insurable interest at time of policy inception
What is the principle of insurable interest mean?
Must having an emotional or financial hardship resulting from damage, loss or destruction
Terms to be familiar with-Agent/general agent/independent agent/broker
Agent - Legal rep of the insurer // General agent - represent one insurer (AllState) // Independent agent - Represents multiple insurer // Broker - represents policy owner
Riders and endorsements
written additions to an insurance contract and takes more importants over what the original policy says (moving the valuation from actual cash value to replacement cost)
Exclusions on insurance contracts
What will NOT be covered // helps keep the premiums down
Insurance contract valuation - replacement cost
This is the best option - current cost or replacing property with new materials
Insurance contract valuation - Actual cash value
the replacement cost - depreciation (Furniture is usally like this)
Insurance contract valuation - Agreed upon value
this is for art - they come to an agreement
What do deductibles do?
Help eliminate small claims and reduce the premiums (Higher the deductible, the lower the premiums)
What is co-insurance?
the insured pays a portion of the losses that have been incurred (Usually 80/20)
What is the co-insurance formula?
(Amount of Coverage Purchased / Coinsurance ) * Loss - Deductible
For a house - if the coverage is less than coinsurance requirement, then the insurer will pay
the greater of the ACV or the coinsurance formula
A.M. Best’s ratings for highest and lowest
Highest - A++ to A/A- // Lowest C/C to D
Moody’s ratings for highest and lowest
Highest - Aaa to Aa1/Aa2 // Lowest - B1/B2/B3 to Caa
Who regulates the insurance industry?
each state does // NOT THE FEDERAL
NAIC (National Assoc. of Insurance Commissioners) What do they do?
Issue model legislation but it goes as only as far as a suggestion not forced!
What is taken into consideration for the “Capital needs approach”
Income needs, education, and retirement funding
What is taken into consideration for the “Human life value approach”
amount of income earned, less the amount that would be used by the insured person
What is taken into consideration for the “Capital Retention”
Not going into the capital and taking that but using the capital as a income generator
What is taken into consideration for the “Income retention”
Maintain the income level
What is taken into consideration for the “Income multiplier”
Multiplier of income
Term life insurance
No cash value, savings component or investment component // protection goes away after term is done // best for younger people
Whole life insurance
Provides lifetime protection, has savings and investment component (Cash value) - Premums are fixed
Participating vs non- participating
Part - Paying dividends // Non-Part - Doesn’t pay dividentds
Dividends options (CRAPO)
Cash, Reduce future premiums, Accumulate at interest, Paid-up permanent additions, One year term insurance addition
Ordinary Whole life Insurance
You will pay premiums until 100/120
Limited pay whole life insurance
Pay premiums quicker and the premiums are more
Variable whole life
Cash is invested into stock and bonds (Which are located into subaccounts) - Death benefit fluctuates on performance
First to Die vs second to die insurance policies
First to die - DB gets paid when first dies // Second to die - DB paid when second dies (this would be better for estate planning)
Universal life insurance - what is this and who directs the investments?
think Flexible! For premiums, face value, cash value. Insured doesn’t touch the investment portion (Up to the insurance co.)
Universal life A vs Universal life B
A - flexible premium, which the DB will go up when the cash value exceeds the DB // B - Same at universal A but DB benefits rise directly with the cash values
Variable universal life
Insured gets to invest into stocks and bonds with no minimum guaranteed of return. Cash values get invested into separate account. In the event of insuranc company failure - not be treated as asset of insurance company. More safety
Surrender value may taken up (List the options)
Taken in cash, used as a single premium to purchase a paid up insurance policy (Never have to pay anymore premiums), and buy extended term insurance
Settlement options (Lump sum and Interest only)
LS - All at once // Interest only - keeping it at company and getting interest on it
Annuity Payments types - (Fixed amount, Life income, Fixed period)
FA - $10,000 for 10 years // LI - Pay me the rest of my life // FP - Pay me over 20 years
Annuity Payments types - (Life income with period certain, joint and last survivor income)
LIWPC - Pay me over my life but but atleast 10 years // JALSI - Pay this amount while I am alive and pay a different amount when I die
Cross Purchase agreement (Pros/cons)
Pros - increases partner’s basis // Cons - Lot of polices N*(N-1) (8 people is 56 policies)
Entity purchase agreement (Pros/cons)
Pros - company pays, fewer polices needed (8 peopleis 8 policies // Cons - does not increase surviving basis
Key person insurance - who/taxable or nontaxable?
Designed to protect business from the death of a key employee // Premiums are not deductible BUT Death benefits are tax-free!
What is an annuity not appropiate for?
If you want to leave your assets to your heirs
Annuites do a great job of not allowing…
someone from outliving your assets
Annuities Types- (immediate vs Deferred)
I - Single lump sum payment that pays out right away // Deferred - Lump sum or periodic installment premiums tha pay at some future date
Annuities Types- (Flexible premium deferred annuity vs Single premium deferred annuity)
FPDA - Allows insured to vary the premiums paid which affects the retirement income // SPDA - Lump sum as a payment premium (can be used from life insurance policy proceeds)
Annuities Types- (Fixed, Variable, Equity indexed)
F - Fixed interest rate over time // V - Subaccounts which is more risky and no guaranteed rate of return // EI - Linked to index and has particpation in it (70%)
Pure life annuity - What is it and what is the risk?
Payments made to annuitant over time, payments stop at death of annuitant which could be very soon! (risky)
Life annuity with gauranteed minimum payments (Period Certain)
Minimum amount of term paid even if annuitant dies prior (5 year term) - Monthly income is less than pure life because it is more risk to company
Installment refund annuity
Payments contine for a minmum term or until death of annuitant with a cash refund option (Sam paid $250k, received $175k before death, beneficiary received $75k)
Joint and survivor annuity
Two annuitants, usually spouses - payments end at death of second annuitant
Life insurance proceed - what is taxable and non taxable? (DB, Interest earned, loans)
DB - not taxble // Interest earned on cash value is not taxable Until withdrawn // Loans are tax-free unless it’s a MEC
If you are trying to exchange an annuity for life insurance or vice versa.. Or for same product, which is taxable?
Annuity for Life insurance creates a taxable event (everything else is no)
MEC - how does it become one and what is it?
Fails the 7 pay test (Putting money in too fast), taxed on LIFO basis (Tax earnings first) - subject to 10% penalty if withdrawn before 59 1/2
Not a MEC - how is it taxed?
FIFO basis (Basis comes out first)
Are dividends taxable with life insurance?
Not taxable as it is considered a return of basis // IF dividends it were to exceed premiums, then taxable
transfer of policy for value - How is this taxed?
Taxable to transferee to the extent that proceeds exceed basis (Bought for $500k, DB was $750k, $250 gain)
transfer of policy for value - exceptions
Transferred to: the insured, business partner of insured, partnership of the insured, corporation which insured is a shareholder, transfer that results in carryover basis (gift)
Group life premiums - Deductible or not?
Deductible - taxable income for coverage in excess of $50,000
What is the exclusion ratio?
[Basis|what you put in / Total payments|total you expect to get] = Exclusion ratio
The exclusion ratio only applies until?
The principal is returned… after that all payments are fully taxable!
Taxation of viatical settlements
Insured who is chronically or terminally ill sells their life insurance policy // No taxes to insured but taxes on the gain for the buyer
Annuity LIFO Or FIFO for either before or after 1982 for withdrawals etc.
Prior 1982 - FIFO // After 1982 - LIFO