insulin, glucagon, diabetes mellitus

Question 1

hormones directly secreted into pancreas

Answer 1

somatostatin
glucagon
insulin

Question 2

delta cells make

Answer 2

somatostatin

10%

Question 3

alpha cells make

Answer 3

glucagon

25%

Question 4

beta cells make

Answer 4

insulin

60%

Question 5

how is insulin produced?

Answer 5

1. preproinsulin 11,500 da
2. signal sequence comes off
3. proinsulin 9000 da
4. c peptide shows the body’s ability to produce insulin
5. mature insulin 5808 da
   **undergoes posttrans modification
   has inter/intra strand disulfide bridges

Question 6

insulinase

Answer 6

enzyme that metabolized insulin in liver and kidney

Question 7

half life of insulin

Answer 7

6 mins

Question 8

insulin receptor signaling effects

Answer 8

1. increased permeability of cell membrane to glucose; metabolism
2. increased permeability to many amino acids, potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions
3. change in activity levels of intracellular enzymes
4. changes in rates of translation
   - -inhibition of PEP carboxykinase transcription leading to inhibition of gluconeogenesis

Question 9

tyrosine kinase

Answer 9

adds phos of downstream proteins

Question 10

insulin effects on carb metabolism

Answer 10

1. promotes glucose metabolism in muscles
2. promotes liver uptake, storage, and use of glucose
3. promotes glucose conversion to fatty acids
4. inhibits gluconeogenesis