Instruments Flashcards
What is an Aircraft Approach Category
A grouping of aircraft based on a reference landing speed which typically determines the minimums
If Vref (reference landing speed) is not specified , what value is used to determine Aircraft Approach Category?
1.3 Vso at the max certified landing weight
Category A speed
< 91 KIAS
Category B speed
91-121 KIAS
Category C speed
121-141 KIAS
Category D speed
141-166 KIAS
Category E speed
> 166 KIAS
HAA
Height Above Airport
CAR
Circling Approach Area
What are two reasons why circling-only approaches are designated?
- The final approach course alignment with the runway exceeds 30 degrees 2. The descent gradient from the FAF is greater than 400ft/NM
How do you know which equipment is required to fly an IAP?
- It’s in the title 2. Notes on the chart
How are circling-only approaches identified?
By providing final approach guidance and a letter (starting with A) (VOR A)
What does a title with more than one nav system indicate? (VOR/DME RWY 13)
That both nav systems are required to fly the procedure
What does an “or” indicate in the title of a procedure? (VOR or GPS RWY 15)
That either nav system may be flown
MAWP
Missed Approach Waypoint
MAHWP
Missed Approach Holding Waypoint
The MSA on an approach chart gives at least how much vertical separation from hazards?
1000 ft
MDA
Minimum Descent Altitude; the lowest altitude to which a descent is authorized on final or during circling where no electronic glideslope is provided (not a missed approach, just a level off)
What do you need to descend below the MDA?
Runway in sight, position to land, and required visibility
DA
Decision Altitude; the specified altitude on a precision approach at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference has not been established.
DH
Decision Height; same as DA, except with reference to height above terrain, with either a radar altimeter or Baro
TDZE
Touch Down Zone Elevation
HAT
Height above touchdown
LPV
Localizer performance with vertical guidance. A WAAS-enabled vertically guided approach that provides ILS-like approach mins to airports without ILS
Which procedures can WAAS users fly?
RNAV and basic RNP as well as LPV
Who can fly to LNAV/VNAV minimums?
Those with an FMS that incorporates Baro-VNAV into the solution
Who can fly to LPV minimums
Those with WAAS-LPV avionics and when WAAS is functioning
Who can fly to LNAV minimums?
Those without WAAS or Baro, or when WAAS is unavailable
GBAS
Ground based augmentation system; focuses its service are to within 30 miles of the airfield and broadcasts a correction signal that enables very high precision approaches
Precision Approach (PA)
An instrument approach that provides course and glide path deviation information meeting ICAO standards (PAR, ILS, GLS)
Approach with vertical guidance (APV)
An instrument approach that provides course and glide path information but that doesn’t meet ICAO standards (LPV, LNAV/VNAV, etc)
Non-precision approach (NPA)
An instrument approach that provides course deviation information but no glide path. (VOR, LNAV, LOC, etc)
MAP
Missed approach point. Variable depending on the equipment used–DA, DH, another fix, or a specified time
What is the standard direction for holding patterns?
Right
How long is the initial outbound leg of a holding pattern (minutes)?
1 minute below 14000ft, 1.5 min above
What must be accomplished in the last 6 months for a pilot to act as PIC in IFR conditions?
6 approaches, Holding, Intercepting and Tracking courses through the use of navigational electronic Systems
If not IFR current in the last six months (and less than a year), you can regain currency by:
Performing the 6 HITS with a safety pilot
IMSAFE preflight assessment:
Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, Emotion
PAVE Risk Management & Personal Minimums:
Pilot, Aircraft, enVironment, External pressure
DECIDE Decision making:
Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate
Personal documents required for flight:
Pilot Cert, Medical, Photo ID, Radio Operator Permit (if international)
ARROW Aircraft documents required for flight:
Airworthiness cert
Registration
Radio Station license (international)
Operating limitations (AFM)
Weight & Balance
AVIATES Maintenance inspections required for IFR
Airworthiness directives
VOR (30 days)
Inspections (annual, 100 hour)
Altimeter + Static (24 months)
Transponder (24 months)
ELT (12 months
Supplemental Type Certificate req. inspections
SAFETY Passenger Briefing
Safety (belts, seat)
Air (vents and environmental controls)
Fire extinguisher
Exit (doors, emergency, survival kit)
Traffic / Talking
Your questions
Preflight info required for IFR flight (NW KRAFT)
NOTAMs
Weather
Known delays
Runway lengths
Alternates available
Fuel requirements
TOLD
How long before departure should you file a flight plan? AIM 5-1-6
30 minutes, or 4 hours prior to above FL230
Minimum IFR fuel required. 91.167
Fuel to go to destination, to the more distant alternate, then 45 minutes at normal cruise
An alternate is always required unless: (91.169)
An instrument approach is available, and: for at least hour before and after ETA, the ceiling is greater than 2000 and visibility at least 3 SM
What weather conditions must be forecast to list an airport as an alternate?
Precision: 600ft + 2 SM
Non-precision: 800ft + 2 SM
No approach available: weather better than the MEA
What are the GPS considerations when filing an alternate?
Non-WAAS GPS equipped: can’t plan an RNAV to BOTH
WAAS no Baro-VNAV equipped: LNAV circling mins at alternate
WAAS + Baro equipped: LNAV/VNAV or RNP .3 minimums allowed
What are the IFR cruising altitudes below FL290? 91.179
0-179: ODD thousands
180-359: EVEN thousands
What are the IFR cruising altitudes above FL290 in non-RVSM?
0-179: flight levels at 4,000 ft increments starting at FL290
180-359: flight levels at 4,000ft increments starting at FL310
What are the IFR cruising altitudes FL290-FL410 (in RVSM)?
0-179: Odd flight levels starting at FL290
180-359: Even flight levels
What are the IFR takeoff minimums for part 135?
- prescribed TO mins for the runway, or if none:
1-2 engines: 1 SM visibility, or more than 2 engines: 1/2 SM visibility
Departure procedures (DP) ensure obstacle clearance, provided:
- The airplane croses the departure end at 35ft
- Reaches 400ft before turning
- climbs at least 200 ft/NM, or as published
How do you convert feet per nautical mile (FPNM) to feet per minute?
FPM = FPNM x GS / 60
What are the two types of Departure Procedures (DP)?
Obstacle Departure Procedure (ODP) - providing only obstacle clearance, and Standard Instrument Departures (SID)
At what altitude are turns allowed on a departure procedure?
400ftAGL
What is a Visual Climb Over the Airport (VOCA)?
A departure option for IFR aircraft in VMC - climbing turns over the airport in lieu of complying with climb gradients greater than 200ft/NM
What are the elements of an IFR departure clearance?
Clearance Limit
Route
Altitude
Frequency (departure)
Transponder code
What is an EDCT?
Expect Departure Clearance Time - at busy airports, aircraft are expected to depart within 5 minutes
What’s a STAR?
Standard Terminal Arrival–a transition from the enroute structure and a point from which an approach to land can be made
MAA
Maximum Authorized Altitude - “MAA-17000”
MCA
Minimum Crossing Altitude - the lowest altitude you can cross a fix en route to a segment with a higher MEA
MEA
Minumum Enroute Altitude - assures radio coverage and obstacle clearance
MOCA
Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude - provides obstacle clearance, but radio signal only out 22NM
MORA (Jeppesen)
Minimum Off Route Altitude - provides obstacle clearance. Grid MORA provides the same in a grid
MRA
Minimum Reception Altitude
MTA
Minimum Turning Altitude. Annotated with a MCA X icon and a note describing the restriction
MVA
Minimum Vectoring Altitude - the lowest altitude that IFR aircraft will be vectored by a controller
OROCA
Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude
What is Indicated Airspeed (IAS)?
The altitude indicated on the altimeter
What is Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)?
IAS corrected for instrument and calibration errors
What is Equivalent Airspeed (EAS)?
CAS corrected for compressibility error
What is True Airspeed (TAS)?
Actual speed through the air
What is Mach number?
The ratio of TAS to the local speed of sound
Max speed in a procedure turn
200 KIAS
