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2-1 FINALS > INSTRUMENTS > Flashcards

INSTRUMENTS Flashcards

1
Q

The Earth is a huge ______, spinning in space, surrounded by a___________ made up of invisible lines of___.

A

magnet, magnetic field, flux

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2
Q

These lines leave the surface at the magnetic_______ and reenter at the magnetic ______.

A

North Pole, South Pole

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3
Q

Lines of magnetic flux have two important characteristics:

A

any magnet that is free to rotate aligns with them,
an electrical current is induced into any conductor that cuts across them

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4
Q

Most direction indicators installed in aircraft make use of one of these two characteristics

A

Lines of magnetic flux have two important characteristics

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5
Q

One of the oldest and simplest instruments for indicating direction

A

magnetic compass

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6
Q

basic instruments required by 14 CFR part 91 for both VFR and IFR flight

A

magnetic compass

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7
Q

The magnetic compass is the basic instrument required by ______ for both VFR and IFR flight.

A

14 CFR part 91

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8
Q

Is a piece of material, usually a metal-containing iron, which attracts and holds lines of magnetic flux

A

magnet

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9
Q

every magnet has two poles

A

north pole, south pole

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10
Q

When one magnet is placed in the field of another, the unlike poles _____each other and like poles _____

A

attract,repel

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11
Q

has two small magnets attached to a metal float sealed inside a bowl of clear compass fluid

A

An aircraft magnetic compass

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12
Q

compass fluid is made of

A

kerosene

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13
Q

wrapped around the float and viewed through a glass window

A

graduated scale, called a card

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14
Q

The magnetic compass, vertical line is called

A

lubber line

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15
Q

The card is marked with letters representing the _______, north, east, south, and west, and a number for each between these letters

A

cardinal directions, 30°

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16
Q

There are long and short graduation marks between the letters and numbers, with each long mark representing __ and each short mark representing ___.

A

10°, 5°

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17
Q

has a hardened steel pivot in its center that rides inside a special, spring-loaded, hard-glass jewel cup.

A

float and card assembly

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18
Q

allows the float freedom to rotate and tilt up to approximately 18° angle of bank

A

jewel-and-pivot type mounting

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19
Q

At __________, the compass indications are erratic and unpredictable

A

steeper bank angles

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20
Q

entirely full of compass fluid

A

compass fluid

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21
Q

To prevent damage or leakage when the fluid expands and contracts with temperature changes, the rear of the compass case is sealed with a ________, or with a metal bellows in some compasses.

A

flexible diaphragm

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22
Q

the pilot reads the direction on the scale_______ the lubber line

A

opposite

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23
Q

the pilot sees the compass card from its ________

A

backside

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24
Q

The reason for this apparent backward graduation is that the card remains ________, and the compass housing and the pilot turn around it, always viewing the card from its backside.

A

stationary

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25
Q

Magnetic fields caused by aircraft electronics and wiring can affect the ______ of the magnetic compass

A

accuracy

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26
Q

induced error is called

A

compass deviation

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27
Q

Compensator assemblies mounted on the compass allow aviation _______ to calibrate the compass by creating magnetic fields inside of the compass housing

A

maintenance technicians (AMTs

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28
Q

has two shafts whose ends have screwdriver slots accessible from the front of the compass

A

compensator assembly

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29
Q

MAGNETIC COMPASS ERRORS

A

Variation
deviation
northerly turning errors
southerly turning errors
acceleration error
oscillation error

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30
Q

Directions measured from the geographic poles are called

A

true directions

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31
Q

directions measured from the magnetic poles are called

A

magnetic directions

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32
Q

difference between true and magnetic directions is called

A

variation

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33
Q

This same angular difference in surveying and land navigation is called

A

declination

34
Q

identify the number of degrees of variation in their area

A

isogonic lines

35
Q

Anywhere along this line the two poles are aligned, and there is no variation.

A

agonic line

36
Q

East of this line, the magnetic pole is to the west of the geographic pole and a _______ must be applied to a compass indication to get a true direction

A

correction

37
Q

Local magnetic fields in an aircraft caused by _________ flowing in the structure, in ______ wiring or any magnetized part of the structure, ______ with the Earth’s magnetic field and cause a compass error called deviation

A

electrical current, nearby, conflict

38
Q

different on each heading, but it is not affected by the geographic location

A

deviation

39
Q

cannot be reduced or changed

A

variation error

40
Q

deviation error can be

A

minimized

41
Q

deviation error can be minimized when a pilot or AMT performs the maintenance task known as

A

swinging the compass

42
Q

a series of lines marked out on a taxiway or ramp at some location where there is NO MAGNETIC INTERFERENCE

A

compass rose

43
Q

aids compensation for deviation errors

A

compass rose

44
Q

Any error that cannot be removed is recorded on a ___________, , and placed in a cardholder near the compass.

A

compass correction card

45
Q

The ____ or ___aligns the aircraft on each magnetic heading and adjusts the compensating magnets to minimize the difference between the compass indication and the actual magnetic heading of the aircraft

A

pilot or AMT

46
Q

shows the deviation correction for any heading

A

compass correction card

47
Q

formula magnetic course

A

True Course (180°) ± Variation (+10°) = Magnetic Course (190°)

48
Q

Formula compass course

A

Magnetic Course (190°, from step 1) ± Deviation (–2°, from correction card) = Compass Course (188°)

49
Q

Formula true course

A

Compass Course ± Deviation = Magnetic Course ± Variation = True Course

50
Q

The center of gravity of the float assembly is located lower than the pivotal point. As the airplane turns, the force that results from the magnetic dip causes the float assembly to swing in the same direction that the float turns

A

NORTHERLY TURNING ERRORS

51
Q

This compass error is amplified with the proximity to either pole

A

NORTHERLY TURNING ERRORS
SOUTHERLY TURNING ERRORS

52
Q

the forces are such that the compass float assembly lags rather than leads

A

SOUTHERLY TURNING ERRORS

53
Q

The magnetic dip and the forces of inertia cause magnetic compass errors when accelerating and decelerating on Easterly and westerly headings

A

ACCELERATION ERROR

54
Q

ANDS

A

Acceleration-North/Deceleration-South

55
Q

a combination of all of the other errors

A

OSCILLATION ERROR

56
Q

THE VERTICAL CARD MAGNETIC COMPASS

The floating magnet type of compass not only has all the errors just described, but also lends itself to confused reading. It is easy to begin a turn in the wrong direction because its card appears backward. East is on what the pilot would expect to be the west side. The vertical card magnetic compass eliminates some of the errors and confusion. The dial of this compass is graduated with letters representing the cardinal directions, numbers every 30°, and marks every 5°. The dial is rotated by a set of gears from the shaft-mounted magnet, and the nose of the symbolic airplane on the instrument glass represents the lubber line for reading the heading of the aircraft from the dial. Eddy currents induced into an aluminum-damping cup damp oscillation of the magnet.

A

THE VERTICAL CARD MAGNETIC COMPASS

The floating magnet type of compass not only has all the errors just described but also lends itself to confused reading. It is easy to begin a turn in the wrong direction because its card appears backward. East is on what the pilot would expect to be on the west side. The vertical card magnetic compass eliminates some of the errors and confusion. The dial of this compass is graduated with letters representing the cardinal directions, numbers every 30°, and marks every 5°. The dial is rotated by a set of gears from the shaft-mounted magnet, and the nose of the symbolic airplane on the instrument glass represents the lubber line for reading the heading of the aircraft from the dial. Eddy currents induced into an aluminum-damping cup damp oscillation of the magnet.

57
Q

developed to compensate for the errors and limitations of the older type of heading indicators

A

Remote indicating compasses

58
Q

a device used to record specific aircraft performance parameters. Its purpose is to collect and record data from a variety of aircraft sensors onto a medium designed to survive an accident

A

Flight Data Recorder (FDR)

59
Q

Two types of flight recorder

A

flight data recorder
cockpit voice recorder

60
Q
  • Operation of Aircraft, Vol 1 and Vol. III
A

ICAO Annex 6

61
Q

shall record the parameters required to determine accurately the aeroplane flight path, speed, attitude, engine power, configuration and operation

A

Type I FDR

62
Q

FDRs shall record the parameters required to determine accurately the aeroplane flight path, speed, attitude, engine power and configuration of lift and drag devices

A

Types II and IIA FDR

63
Q

The detailed list of parameters to be recorded by FDRs is provided in

A

section 6.3 “Flight recorders” and at Attachment D to Annex 6, Vol. I.

64
Q

states that, all aeroplanes of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 5,700 kg for which the individual certificate of airworthiness is first issued after 1 January 2005 shall be equipped with a Type IA FDR

A

provision 6.3.6 of Annex 6, Vol. I

65
Q

According to_______, combination recorders (FDR/CVR) can only be used to meet the flight recorder equipage requirements as specifically indicated in ICAO Annex 6 (Vol I and Vol III, Attachment D).

A

ICAO SARPS

66
Q

The recorder is installed in the most crash survivable part of the aircraft which is usually the _____

A

tail section

67
Q

The data collected in the_________ can help investigators determine whether an accident was caused by pilot error, by an external event (such as wind shear), or by an airplane system problem.

A

FDR system

68
Q

Flight data recorders were first introduced in the

A

1950s

69
Q

Many first-generation FDRs used _______ as the recording medium. This ______was housed in a crash- survivable box installed in the aft end of an airplane

A

metal foil

70
Q

What year did , FDRs (commonly known as “black boxes”) were required to be painted bright orange or bright yellow, making them easier to locate at a crash site

A

1965

71
Q

Second-generation FDRs were introduced in the ______ as the requirement to record more data increased, but they were unable to process the larger amounts of incoming sensor data

A

1970s

72
Q

FDAU

A

flight data acquisition unit

73
Q

a unit that receives various discrete, analog and digital parameters from a number of sensors and avionics systems and then routes them to a flight data recorder (FDR

A

flight-data acquisition unit

74
Q

QAR

A

Quick Access Recorder

75
Q

EAFR

A

Enhanced Airborne Flight Recorder

76
Q

(DFDR) uses tape similar to audio recording tape. The tape is 300 to 500 ft. long and can record up to 25 hr. of data. It is stored in a cassette device mounted in a crash-protected enclosure

A

The second-generation digital FDR

77
Q

FAA rule changes in the late ____ required the first-generation FDRs to be replaced with digital recorders

A

1980s

78
Q

Many of the older FDRs were replaced with second-generation magnetic tape recorders that can process incoming data without a Flight Data Acquisition Unit (FDAU). Most of these DFDRs can process up to 18 input parameters (signals). This requirement was based upon an airplane with four engines and a requirement to record 11 operational parameters for up to 25 hours.

A

READ

79
Q

CSMU

A

crash-survivable memory unit

80
Q

(ELT)

A

Emergency Locator Transmitter

81
Q

ULB

A

Underwater Locator Beacon

82
Q

automatically activate when the recorder is immersed in water

A

pinger

2-1 FINALS (5 decks)

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