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Clinical Chemistry (Legend) > Instrumentation > Flashcards

Instrumentation Flashcards

1
Q

Calibration is done every

A

3 months/quarterly

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2
Q

Disinfect centrifuge on a

A

Weekly basis

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3
Q

Check speed of centrifuge using

A

Tachometer/Strobe light

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4
Q

Which of the following measures speed

A

Timer
Strobe light
Tachometer

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5
Q

Minemeasure nito yung concentration ng isang substance sa solution by measuring the absorbed light pagkatapos malagyan ng treatment

A

Spectrophotometer

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6
Q

Theory of Light Waves

A

Electromagnetic radiation
Wavelength
Amplitude
Visible light

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7
Q

Photons travelling in waves

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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8
Q

Distance between two peaks

A

Wavelength

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9
Q

Distance between peak and trough

A

Amplitude

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10
Q

Visible light falls in between ____ - ____

A

400-700nm

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11
Q

Beer’s Law states na yung concentration of a substance is ____ sa amount of light na naabsorb or yung concentration ng substance is ______ sa logarithm of transmitted light

A

Directly
Inversely

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12
Q

Components of a Spectrophotometer

A
  1. Light Source
  2. Monochromators
  3. Sample Cell
  4. Photodetectors
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13
Q

Isolate the desired wavelength

A

Monochromator

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14
Q

Light Source

A

1) Incandescent tungsten
2) Deuterium-discharge lamp & Mercury

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15
Q

Most common source of light for work in the visible and near-infrared regions

A

Incandescent tungsten

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16
Q

Most commonly used for UV work

A

Deuterium discharge lamp

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17
Q

Monochromators

A

Prism
Diffraction grating
Interference filter
Colored-glass filters

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18
Q

Most commonly used monochromator

A

Diffraction grating

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19
Q

Sample cell

A

Round
Square
Glass
Quartz

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20
Q

Less error from the lens effect, orientation in the Spectrophotometer and refraction

A

Square

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21
Q

Used for applications in the visible range

A

Glass

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22
Q

For applications requiring UV radiation

A

Quartz

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23
Q

Photodetectors

A

Barrier-layer/photocell
Phototube
Photomultiplier
Photoiodide

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24
Q

Least expensive photodetector

A

Barrier-layer

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25
Q

Used in instruments designed to be extremely sensitive to very low light levels and light flashes of very short duration

A

Photomultiplier

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26
Q

Parameters routinely monitored in spectrophotometry

A

Wavelength/photometric accuracy
Absorbance check
Linearity
Stray Light

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27
Q

Implies that a photometer is measuring at the wavelength that it is set to.

A

Wavelength or photometric accuracy

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28
Q

Photometric accuracy can be assessed easily using special glass-typr optical filters. Two examples are:

A

Didymium
Holmium oxide

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29
Q

Didymium glass has a broad absorption peak around

A

600nm

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30
Q

Holmium oxide has multiple absorption peaks with a sharp peak at

A

360nm

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31
Q

Performed using glass filters or solutions that have a known absorbance values for a specific wavelength

A

Absorbance check

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32
Q

The ability of a photometric system to yield a linear relationship between the radiant power incident upon its detector and the concentration

A

Linearity

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33
Q

The linearity of a spectrometer can be determined using _____ or _____ that have known substances values for a given wavelength

A

Optical filters or solutions

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34
Q

Any light that impinges upon the detector that does not originate from a polychromatic light source.

A

Stray light

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35
Q

Stray light can be evaluated by using ______

A

Special cutoff filters

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36
Q

Meaures the quantity of light reflected by a liquid sample that has been dispensed onto a grainy or fibrous solid support

A

Reflectometry

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37
Q

Application of reflectometer

A

Urine dipstick analysis
Dry slide chemical analysis

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38
Q

Measurement of concentration is done by detecting the absorption of electromagnetic by atoms rather than molecules

A

AAS

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39
Q

Usual light source of AAS

A

Hollow-cathode lamp

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40
Q

This breaks chamical bonds and form free unexcited atoms that serves as sample cells (instead of a cuvet)

A

Flame

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41
Q

Used to isolate the desired wavelength

A

Monochromator

42
Q

Protects photodetector from excessive light emanating from flame emissions

A

Monochromator (AAS)

43
Q

Components of AAS

A

Hollow-cathode lamp
Flame
Monochromator

44
Q

T/F: AAS is the measurement of excited trace metals

A

F: it should be unexcited

45
Q

Reference method for Calcium and Magnesium

46
Q

Measurement of light emitted by excited atoms

A

Flame photometry

47
Q

Widely used before to determine the concentration of Na, K, or Li

A

Flame photometry

48
Q

Lithium

49
Q

Sodium

50
Q

Magnesium

51
Q

Rubidium

52
Q

Potassium

53
Q

90° setup

A

Fluorometry

54
Q

A= abc
What is “a” in here?

A

Molar absorbdity

55
Q

A = abc
What is the “b” in here?

A

Path length/dm of the cuvette

56
Q

Measurement of the concentration of solutions that contains fluorescing molecules

A

Fluorometry

57
Q

Most common light source of fluorometry

A

Xenon lamp

58
Q

Used to measure drugs

A

Fluorometry

59
Q

Used to measure small particles

A

Fluorometry

60
Q

Chemical energy generated in a chemiluminescent reaction produces EXCITED intermediates that decay to a ground state with the emission of photons

A

Chemiluminescence

61
Q

No excitation is required

A

Chemiluminescence

62
Q

Excitation is required

A

Fluorometry

63
Q

The amount of light blocked by a suspension of particles depends not only on concentration but also in size

A

Turbidimetry

64
Q

Coag studies

A

Turbidimetry

65
Q

Antibiotic sensitivity

A

Turbidimetry

66
Q

Burner head is found in

67
Q

Burner head contains what to break chemical bonds then converted to atoms

68
Q

Light scattered ng small particles measured at an anglr to the beam incident to the cuvet

A

Nephelometry

69
Q

Nephelometer measure particles which are _____ for spectrometry such as Ag-Ab complexes formed by enzyme immunoassay

70
Q

Involves measurement of the current or voltage generated by the activity of specific ions.

A

Electrochemistry

71
Q

Analytic techniques include in electrochemistry

A

1) Potentiometry
2) Amperometry
3) Coulometry
4) Voltammetry

72
Q

Measurement of potential voltage between 2 electrodes in a sol’n to measure analyte concentration, electrolytes

A

Potentiometry

73
Q

Measurement of the CURRENT FLOW produced by an oxidation-reduction reaction

A

Amperometry

74
Q

Electrochemical titration in which the titrant is electrochemically generated

A

Coulometry

75
Q

Potential is applied to an electrochemical cell and the resulting current is measured

A

Voltammetry

76
Q

Applications of potentiometry

A

pH, pCO2, Na, Ca, K, NH4

77
Q

Applications of Amperometry

A

pO2, glucose, peroxidase

78
Q

What technique of electrochemistry uses CHO

A

Amperometry (e.g. glucose, peroxidase 😊)

79
Q

Anodic stripping voltametery

A

For lead and iron

80
Q

Acid base technique of electrochemistry

A

Potentiometry, Amperometry (kung pwede)

81
Q

Separation of charged compounds based on their electrical charge

A

Electrophoresis

82
Q

Components of electrophoresis

A

Driving force
Support medium
Buffer
Sample
Detecting system

83
Q

Support medium of electrophoresis

A

Filter paper
Agarose
Cellulose acetate
Polyacrylamide

84
Q

Movement of buffer ions and solvent relative to the fixed support

A

Electroendosmosis

85
Q

Most common and reliable way for quantitation of separated protein fractions

A

Densitometry

86
Q

Most commonly used detecting system

A

Densitometry

87
Q

Separation of complex mixtures on the basis of different physical attractions between the individual compounds and the stationary phase of the system

A

Chromatography

88
Q

Components of Chromatography

A

1) Mobile phase (gas or liquid)
2) Stationary phase (solid or liquid)
3) Column
4) Eluate

89
Q

Component of Chromatography that separate compounds

90
Q

Component of Chromatography that holds the stationary phase

91
Q

Component of Chromatography that is a substance through which the mobile phase flows

A

Stationary phase (solid or liquid)

92
Q

Component of Chromatography that carries the complex mixture

A

Mobile phase (gas or liquid)

93
Q

Uses pressure for faster separations

94
Q

Separate mixtures of compounds that are volatile

A

Gas chromatography

95
Q

Chromatographic procedures

A

Thin-layer chromatography
HPLC
Gas chromatography

96
Q

Sample is first VOLATIZED and then IONIZED to form charged molecular ions and fragments that are separated according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio

A

Mass spectrometry

97
Q

MALDI-TOF MS

A

Matrix-associated laser desorption ionization time-of-flight

98
Q

A two step procedure chemistry analysis

A

MADI and TOF

99
Q

A ______ of the MALDI-TOF irradiates the sample causing desorption and ionization of both the matrix and the sample

A

Laser pulse

100
Q

Used for the analysis of biomolecules such as peptides and proteins

101
Q

The molecular weight of the proteins acquired by mass spectrometry is used to determine the identity of the sample and is helpful in determining _______ that may have occurred in MALDI-TOF

A

Posttransational modifications

Clinical Chemistry (Legend) (3 decks)

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