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CNIM > Instrumentation > Flashcards

Instrumentation Flashcards

1
Q

A-D converter size?

A

8 bit minimum, 16 bit best

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2
Q

How many Bits in a Byte?

A

8 bits=1 Byte

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3
Q

How many steps in an 8 bit A-D converter?

A

2*8 (power) =256 steps

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4
Q

Over Amplify could result in?

A

Waveform Clipping

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5
Q

Sensitivity defined in?

A

uV/div (microvolts per division)

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6
Q

With regards to sensitivity, do smaller or larger numbers result in greater amplification?

A

smaller

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7
Q

Gain equals?

A

output/input

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8
Q

sensitivity equals?

A

input/output

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9
Q

The recording gain must be set to match … of the A-D converter for the most effective averaging?

A

vertical resolution

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10
Q

Of a differential amplifier, input 1: Cz= 0.75 uV and input 2: A1= -0.21 uV, what is the output?

A

0.96 uV

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11
Q

In order for Common Mode Rejection to work?

A

The resistance’s are equal between two electrodes

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12
Q

What is the minimum Common mode rejection ratio?

A

10,000 to 1 or 80 dB

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13
Q

What would the common mode rejection ratio be if the CMRR was 120 dB?

A

1,000,000 to 1

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14
Q

Key Factor in common mode rejection?

A

Electrode impedance balance

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15
Q

Salt Bridges never cause 60 cycle artifact? True or False

A

True

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16
Q

Too much electrolyte (salt jelly) spread between two electrode may cause 60 cycle artifact or cancellation (flat lines)?

A

cancellation

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17
Q

What would be the impedance of an electrolyte or salt bride?

A

less than 100 ohms

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18
Q

In SSEPs, active electrodes must be in the negative or positive input?

A

negative input

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19
Q

In BAERs, the active electrode must be in the negative or positive input?

A

positive input

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20
Q

Best filter that causes no phase shift?

A

Digital Filter

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21
Q

High Frequency Filters cause?

A

Phase Lag (the lower the filter, the later the latency)

22
Q

Low Frequency Filter cause?

A

Phase Lead (the lower the filter, the later the latency)

23
Q

If filters are changed during the case you must?

A

Reset Baseline

24
Q

High Filter to Low Filter Ratio

A

100:1

25
Q

When frequency equals filter setting?

A

70 % amplitude and 30 % attenuation

26
Q

I’m collecting my EEG at 1-70 Hz, what percentage of a 1Hz waveform will I see?

A

70% amplitude and 30% attenuation

27
Q

Troubleshooting 60 hz in all channels?

A

Check impedance 1st then adjust rep rate by .1/sec but not evenly divisible into 60, then check ground.

28
Q

Most common cause of 60 cycle artifact?

A

unequal electrode impedances

29
Q

If you see 16.6 ms in the question, the answer is?

A

60 Hz Cycle

30
Q

The Ultrasonic Aspirator (CUSA) produces?

A

Low amplitude-fast activity

31
Q

Plug equipment into?

A

Hospital-grade outlets

32
Q

What is the most common cause of 60 cycle artifact?

A

High electrode impedances

33
Q

Identify colors of 120v, neutral, and ground wire in an electrical cord?

A 
120v = black
neutral = white
ground = green
34
Q

Capacitance Coupling

A

Electrical Noise

35
Q

Inductive Coupling

A

Magnetic noise

36
Q

Capacitance and Inductive Coupling reduced with?

A

braided electrodes

37
Q

Primary step in troubleshooting Evoked potentials or EEG?

A

View the raw signal or incoming EEG

38
Q

The Ratio of the amplitude of the stimulus locked components to the amplitude of the unrelated components?

A

signal-to-noise

39
Q

The EP can be identified when the S:N is … or better?

A

2:1

40
Q

If an evoked potential has a voltage of 10 uV and the associated noise has a voltage of 50 uV, what is the signal-to-noise after 100 averaged responses?

A

10/50 = 1/5 & N=100
1/5 (square root 100) = 1/5 (10) =10/5 = 2/1
answer 2:1

41
Q

Signal averaging results in

A

Reduction in the amplitude of the noise only

42
Q

post stimulus delay (positive delay) used to?

A

get rid of stimulus artifact

43
Q

If you are recording with electrodes of different metals, what might you expect to record?

A

Bias potentials from the differential amplification of the different charge of each metal

44
Q

Best recording electrodes?

A

Ag-AgCl

45
Q

Subdermal electrodes are more susceptible to noise due to having a higher impedance compared to surface electrodes. True or False

A

True

46
Q

Does impedance testing polarize the electrodes?

A

By using alternating current, impedance testing does not polarize the electrode.

47
Q

Constant Current Stimulation

A

As impedance increases at stimulation site, voltage output increases to maintain stim intensity.

48
Q

Artifact rejection rejects signals based on?

A

Amplitude

49
Q

Does Bipolar electrocautery saturate the amplifier?

A

No

50
Q

Microshock

A

Risk for patients with indwelling devices, arm to heart, <100uA

51
Q

If you get a shock from the equipment?

A

Disconnect the patient

CNIM (2 decks)

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