Instrument Review Flashcards
How to stay Current?
6HITS
In the last 6 months, at least six approaches, holding procedures, intercepting and tracking courses through electronic systems. can log 6HITS after six months but safety pilot, examiner, or instructor must be present. Safety pilot must have private with same category and class plane. After 12 months, must do an IPC by CFII, examiner or any other approved person, some but not all tasks can be in FTD
Privileges and Limitations
Privileges: Fly as PIC under ifr weather, file ifr flight plans, carry passengers,
Limitations: cannot be paid for flights under ifr
Proficiency vs Currency
Proficiency: how much skill you have in ifr approaches. (i.e you have 6 hits but got them five months ago and haven’t flown since weather outside is ifr all around and approach needed is ils but you are used to flying rnav approaches
Currency: faa legal requirements to fly ifr
Personal Minimums
Pilot, Aircraft, enVironment, External pressure (PAVE)
More than 15kt cross wind, clouds ovc @ 2000
Flight Review if Checkride
No
Deicing & Anti-icing
No anti-icing on plane (BEFORE FLIGHT)
Deicing: could be pitot heat, carb heat, defroster (DURING FLIGHT)
Other anti-icing
Icing boots: rubber-like boots on leading edge; when system is turned on after ice accumulates on the boots and the sensor notices the boots inflate to break/ crack the ice and it falls off. ICE REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF LIFT
Fly into icing?
NO!!! Plane is not equipped to fly into icing
High/Mid/Low Level Clouds
High: 20,000 and above CIRRUS CLOUDS
Mid: 6,500-20,000 ALTO CLOUDS
Low: surface-6,500 STRATUS and CUMULUS
What is Microburst
Intense downwash of air that may last for 15 minutes, can be associated with thunderstorms (avoid heavy rain) but can also happen at any time
Thunderstorm characteristics and Hazards
Need unstable air, lifting force, and water vapor. Three stages: Cumulus(Updrafts), Mature(Rain), Dissipating(Downdrafts)
Hazards: Microburst, Lightning, Hail, Limited visibility, strong updrafts&downdrafts, turbulence
Airmets T,Z,S
Valid for 6 hours; Tango: Moderate Turbulence, Zulu: Moderate Icing, Sierra: IFR weather and mountain obscurations
Sigmets
Valid for 4 hours; hazardous weather not associated with Thunderstorms, Dust Storms, SandStorms
Convective Sigmets
Valid for 2 hours; Convective weather hazardous to all aircraft; Severe Thunderstorms, Embedded Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Line of Thunderstorms, Wind shear, Severe Icing and Turbulence
Weather for Alternate and weather required
123 rule
alternate required unless instrument approach is published and available and for 1 hour before to 1 hour after flight weather will be at least 2,000 ft ceiling and 3SM visibility
If alternate weather not published: Non precision: 800ft 2SM Precession: 600ft 2SM
Class E Weather
Under 10000 MSL: 3SM Clouds 1,000 above 500 below 2,000 horizontally
Types of Fog
Happens 50ft above ground when temp/dew point are same.
Advection: warm air moves over cold surface
Radiation: calm clear nights when ground rapidly cools because of release of ground heat
Upslope: moist air is forced up terrain and cooled by adiabatic cooling
Ice: temp below freezing and water vapor turns into ice crystals
Steam: cold air moves over warm surface
Types of Icing
Structural: Happens with visible moisture and surface below freezing
- Clear (Worst, Hard to see, smooth, large supercooled water droplets), Rime (rough, small supercooled water droplets), Mixed
Instrument: pitot and static
Induction: reduces the amount of air for engine intake
Intake: block engine intake
Carburetor: temperature drops in carburetor venturi
What to do if you don’t break out
GO TO ALTERNATE OR SHOOT DIFF APPROACH
Can you shoot same approach
NO
What to squak for lost comms
7700
Lost Comms Procedure
Altitude FLY THE HIGHEST OF: Minimum Enroute Altitude, Expected Altitude, Assigned Altitude (MEA)
Route FLY BY ORDER: Assigned Route, Vectored Route, Expected Route, Filed Route
RNP
A statement of navigation equipment and service performance. WE DO NOT HAVE IT. Ranges 95%- - Enroute: 2NM, - Terminal &Departure: 1NM, - Final Approach: 0.3NM
VOR Checks, how its done, and signed off
DEPS
Private Pilots and Mechanics can do checks
Tests: Ground, Air, VOT, Dual, Repair Station
Sign off: Date, Error, Place, Signature
VOR Limitations, Full Deflection, Line of sight
Limitations: Cone of Confusion, Requires line of sight, Reverse Sensing
Full Deflection: 10 degrees off
Line of sight over VOR: station doesn’t know where you are as you are in cone of confusion
How VOR works
The aircraft’s VOR receiver compares the difference between the VOR’s variable and reference phase to determine bearing from station
VOR Service Volume
Terminal: 1,000ft-12,000ft 25 NM
Low: 1,000ft-18,000ft 40NM NEW: 5,000ft-18,000ft 70NM
High: 1,000ft-60,000ft 100NM New: 5,000ft-14,500ft 70NM
Localizer
Range: up to 18NM & 35degrees on each side of centerline
Width:3-6 degrees
Frequencies:108.1-111.95
Provides lateral Guidance. 4x more sensitive than VOR
ILS
Provides Lateral and vertical guidance
Range: 10NM
Width: 1.4 degrees
Slope: 3 degrees CAN GET FALSE GLIDE SLOPE
Marker Beacon
Outer: 4-7miles (blue) where you intercept glide slope
Middle: 3,500ft from runway (amber)
Inner: Between middle and runway threshold; where glideslope meets da (white)
GPS
Minimum of 24 satellites with at least 5 in range at any given time. 3 satellites needed for 2D; 4 needed for 3D.
Aircraft GPS receiver calculates distance based on time lapse since broadcast time stamp and the time it received the signal. Uses intersection of multiple satellites to calculate position
RAIM
Monitors the integrity of the satellites. 5 satellites needed to check RAIM. 6 satellites needed to replace bad signal/ satellite
WAAS
Ground Station that covers a wide area measures gps errors and sends corrective signals
Improves accuracy, integrity, and availability monitoring.
Facilitates LPV and LNAV/VNAV approaches
ATOMATOFLAMES
Altimeter, Tachometer, Oil pressure gauge, Manifold pressure, Airspeed indicator, Temperature gauge, Oil temp gauge, Fuel quantity gauge, Landing gear lights, Anticollision Lights, Mag Compass, ELT, Safety belt
FLAPS
Fuses, Landing Light, Anticollision Lights, Position Lights, Source of power
GRABCARD
Generator/alternator, Radio, Altimeter(adjustable), Ball, Clock, Attitude Indicator, Rate of turn indicator, Directional Gyro (heading indicator
MARVELOUSVFRC500 (required ifr reports)
Missed approach, Airspeed change, Reaching Fix, VFR on top, ETA change, Leaving Fix, Outer Marker, Unforecast Weather, Safety of flight, Vacating Fix, Final fix, Radio/nav/approach failure, Compulsory points, unable to maintain 500fpm climb/descent
Non-radar reporting points (A PTA TEN R)
Aircraft ID, Position, Time, Altitude, Type of flight plan, ETA and name of next fix, Name of point after next, any Remarks (A PTA TEN R)
Pick up and cancel flight plan
File
Pickup: Calling in to FSS, ground at airport, clearance delivery, in air from departure
Cancel: in air when in VMC with airport in sight, Tower closes upon landing, Call after landing at non-towered field
File: FSS (phone, radio, in person), Online, EFB
Electrical System
28volt system, 28volt/ 70amp alternator, 24volt battery, 24volt emergency battery
Battery: provides electric power prior to engine start (starter, essential bus, non-essential bus) Provides stored power
Alternator: engine driven, charges battery, becomes primary source of power after start
Emergency Battery: powers emergency bus for 30mins in event of failure
Fuel System
50 gallon total, 48 gallon usable, engine driven fuel pump, backup electric auxiliary pump. 3 drains
ADAHRS
Replaced traditional instruments
AHRS: gathers information from magnetometers and accelerometers and using computer algorithms translates data to instruments
ADC: receives input from pitot static ports and computes data
Primary Instruments
Airspeed Indicator, Attitude Indicator, Altimeter, VSI
Skill: Cross Check, Instrument Interpretation, Aircraft Control
- Avoid: Fixation, Omission. Emphasis
Oxygen Requirements
12,500-14,000: supplemental must be supplied after 30mins to flight crew
14,001-15,000: flight crew must use supplemental oxygen for entire flight
15,000: oxygen must be supplied to passengers
What happens when vmc to imc
Spatial Disorientation
Fly unknown plane into imc
NO!!!!
Min IFR altitude
Except for takeoff and landing: Be at or above minimum prescribed or 2,000ft above highest obstacle in mountainous areas, or 1000ft above non-mountainous areas
IFR Takeoff minimums
1-2 engine planes: 1SM visibility
More than 2: ½SM visibility
Preflight Requirements NWKRAFT
NOTAMs, Weather, Known delays, Runway lengths/approaches, Alternatives, Fuel requirements, Takeoff and landing data
Aircraft required Documents ARROW
Airworthiness, Registration, Radio permit, operating handbook, weight and balance
Aircraft inspections for ifr
AVIATES
Altimeter (24 Calendar months), VOR(30 days), Inspections[Annual and (100hr for hire)], AD’s, Transponder(24 Calendar Months), ELT(12 calendar months or after 1hr of continuous use), Static system(24 Calendar months
