Instrument Rating Flashcards
GRABCARDD
Generator/alternator, Radio, Altimeter, Ball, Clock, Attitude indicator, Rate of turn, Directional gyro, DME above 24k’
FLAPS
Fuses (spare set), Landing light (if for hire), Anticollision lights, Position/NAV lights, source of power (battery)
ATOMATOFLAMES
A - Altimeter
T - Tachometer for each engine.
O - Oil temperature indicator for each engine.
M - Manifold pressure gauge for each altitude engine.
A - Airspeed indicator.
T - Temperature gauge for each liquid cooled engine.
O - Oil pressure gauge for each engine.
F - Fuel quantity gauge for each tank.
L - Landing gear position lights (if retractable gear).
A - Anticollision lights (for aircraft certified after March
11, 1996).
M - Magnetic compass
E - ELT, if required by §91.207.
S - Safety belt / shoulder harness.
When is an instrument rating required? (5)
In class A airspace, Operations under IFR conditions, Less than vfr conditions, Special VFR between sunrise and sunset, carrying pax for hire aver 50 nm or at night
PIC instrument currency requirements
6 approaches in 6 calendar months, holds, tracking and intercepting
Safety pilot requirements
PPL, Vision, dual controls
Instrument currency expired. WYD?
You need a safety pilot now. After 6 months, you need proficiency check.
Instrument rating experience requirements
■ 50 hours X-Country PIC time
▷ Of which ,10 hours in airplanes.
■ 40 hours actual or simulated instrument time
▷ Of which, 15 hours with CFII.
□ Including one X-Country flight
□ 3 Hours instrument flight training in last 2 Calendar months prior to practical test
Overall flight currency requirements (4)
Flight review within 24 calendar months, or a proficiency check or practical test, or completion of WINGS phase, or Flight instructor Renewal
You can use a simulator as long as…
■ It is used in an approved course by a training center
under part 142
■ Represent an aircraft for which the pilot is rated
DECIDE model
■ D - Detect that a change has occurred.
■ E - Estimate the need to counter the change.
■ C - Choose a desirable outcome.
■ I - Identify solutions.
■ D - Do the necessary actions.
■ E - Evaluate the effects of the actions
Which tool for Risk Management?
PAVE
Which tool for decision making?
DECIDE
When must you have an alternate?
A destination alternate is always required, unless:
■ An instrument approach is published and
available for the destination, AND,
■ For at least 1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA:
▷ Ceiling will be at least 2000’ above airport
elevation; and
▷ Visibility will be at least 3 SM.
Minimums to list an airport as an alternate
The alternate airport minima published in the
procedure charts, or, if none:
■ Precision approach:
600 ft ceiling and 2 SM visibility.
■ Non-precision approach:
800 ft ceiling and 2 SM visibility.
■ No instrument approach available at the
alternate:
Ceiling & visibility must allow descent from MEA,
approach and landing under VFR.
How do you flight plan with a Non WAAS GPS?
You can flight plan based on GPS approaches at either the destination or the alternate, but not at both
How do you flight plan with WAAS with baro-nav?
May base the flight plan
on use of LNAV/VNAV or RNP 0.3 at both the destination and the alternate.
How do you flight plan with WAAS without baro-nav?
May base the flight
plan on use of LNAV approaches at both the destination and alternate
Flight levels above FL290, non RVSM, uncontrolled airspace
0º-179º Flight Levels at 4,000’ increments starting at
FL290 (e.g., FL 290, 330, 370)
180º-359º Flight Levels at 4,000’ increments starting at
FL310 (e.g., FL 310, 350, 390)
Takeoff minimums
No T/O minimums mandated for part 91 operations.
Part 121, 125, 129, 135:
■ Prescribed T/O minimums for the runway, or, if none:
■ 1-2 engines airplanes: 1 SM visibility
■ More than 2 engines: ½ SM visibility
Types of VOR check
Ground VOT Dual Airway Airborne
Principles of the gyro
Precession
Rigidity in space
Explain pendulous vanes
Attitude indicator has. Prevent effects of precession. Doors open and close by gravity to keep gyro in upright position
Which instrument operates in horizontal plane? Vertical?
Attitude indicator. Heading indicator
Which instrument operates on precession? Which plane?
Turn coordinator. Electric gyro. Vertical plane.
Whats an HSI?
Combo of heading indicator and VOR (CDI?)
VOR deviation. 1 dot? Half scale deflection?
1 dot is 2 degrees. Half scale deflection 5
When VOR broken but not DME
You’ll hear one coded identification every 30 seconds
VOR limitations
Cone of confusion, line of sight, pilot error (failure to ID, reverse sensing)
How many GPs satellites? How many in view at all times? How many needed for RAIM?
- 5 or 4 with baro vnav
Whats FDE?
Fault detection and exclusion. Requires six satellites. Raim just gives you a warning
Whats waas? How does it work?
Wide area augmentation system. Uses ground reference stations to monitor GPS signal, sends out correction from master station via a satellite
ILS components
Visual:
Approach lighting system, Precision approach runway, Papi/vasi
Distance:
Marker beacons, Compass locator, DME
Lateral, vertical guidance:
Localizer, glideslope
Distance from outer middle and inner marker to threshold
Outer 4-7 mi, glideslope intercept
middle 3500’, represents DA at 200’
inner -DH for cat II ILS appch
ILS Outer marker substitutes
Compass locator, DME, VOR, GPS, Precision approach radar, airport Surveillance radar
Localizer service area?
Course width?
35°, 10 miles out. 10° 18 miles out (and up to 4500’)
course width 3 to 6°. 700 feet at threshold
Localizer full scale deflection Is how many degrees?
2.5
Usable range of glideslope
10nm
Where is the localizer located? Glideslope?
Localizer is that departure end of the runway.
Glideslope 750-1250 From approach and the runway, 400-600 to side of centerline
Glideslope full deflection is how many degrees?
0.7, course is 1.4 Deg wide
ILs errors
Reflection
False courses
What’s an SDF?
Simplified Directional facility. Localizer but 6-12 degrees wide. Maybe up to 3° off the runway centerline. No vertical guidance
Whats an LDA
Localizer Directional aid. Course is 3 to 6° like a localizer, but not aligned with runway. May be an APV If vertical guidance is provided
What’s an ODP? Where does it take you? How do they decide if an ODP should be created? How do you know if the airport has one?
Obstacle departure procedure. Takes you from airport to en route structure. Imaginary plane called the 40:1 obstacle identification surface. You’ll see the black triangle with a T in the procedures
Whats a SID
Standard instrument departure
How do you fly an ODP?
Turn no sooner than 400 AGL. Maintain 200 feet per (min?mile?)
Is an ODP mandatory?
No but you should fly it in IMC or at night
Where do you find ODP‘s?
In the Terminal procedures publication
What are low close in obstacles? Where can you find out about them?
Obstacles within 1NM that penetrate 40:1 Obstacle identification surface. Found in notes section of takeoff minimum
What’s a VCOA
Visual climb over airport.Climb while circling over airport. This is if there are obstacles over 3 miles from airport that require more than 200 foot climb. Must be conducted in VMC
Why are SIDs used?
Simplify clearances, Increased workload, increase capacity
How wide are Victor airways?
8
Does MOCA guarantee NAV reception?
Only within 22 miles of navaid
What’s an MAA?
Maximum authorized altitude. This is the max altitude that guarantees navaid treception
What’s an MTA?
Minimum turning altitude. Min altitude that you can safely turn from one leg of an airway to another
What information do you need to Include in position report to ATC
Tail number position time Altitude ETA and next reporting point name only of reporting point after that Pertinent remarks
Comms failure - route
In order: Assigned Vectored (fly to fix/route/airway last vectored to) Expected Filed
Lost comms - Altitude
Highest of expected, assigned, or minimum
Maximum holding speeds
0-6k msl: 200
6-14k msl: 230
14k msl: 265
What if the alternate you want to use doesn’t have an instrument Approach procedure?
must be able to descend From the MEA and land in VFR
What do you do if there are non-standard alternate minimum‘s?
Go to the terminal procedures to see what mins must be to use that airport as an alternate
Why are some airports not authorized as an alternate?
Unmonitored, absence of weather reporting, Inadequate NAV signal
Can you use an airport with only GPS approach as an alternate?
Yes, if you have WAAS.
What’s a TEC route?
Tower en route control. Allows pilots to travel without leaving approach-controlled airspace. Expedites traffic and reduces ATC communication
Where can you find preferred routes?
Chart supplement
Where does En route environment change to terminal? When does terminal change to approach?
30nm out from airport
2nm out from final approach waypoint
What’s a STAR?
Standard terminal arrival procedure. Brings you from enroute to a fix or Navaid to start approach.
What can be included in an initial approach segment?
Arcs, holds, course reversals. Ends in the intermediate or final approach fix
What’s an intermediate segment?
Get you lined up for final within 30° of the final approach course
What’s the last approach segment?
Missed
What is a Precision approach?
Meets standards in ICAO index 10. Lateral and vertical guidance.
What is a non-Precision approach?
Lateral guidance only
Whats an APV?
What are the types?
“Approach with vertical guidance” (and course guidance).Doesn’t meet ICAO annex 10
▷ RNAV / GNSS (i.e, LNAV/VNAV and
LPV minima)
▷ LDA with Glide Slope
Visual approach requires what visual reference? Visibility and ceiling? Is radar service continued?
1000’ ceiling and 3sm. Pilot must have runway in sight. Radar service terminated. Pilot responsible for traffic and obstacle avoidance
Contact approach Visibility requirements. Visual reference to the runway required? IAP required? Radar service terminated?
Must be requested. Must have IAP. 1sm, clear of clouds. Pilot must see and avoid but retains IFR clearance
RVR stands for
Rwy visual range
Whats baro-VNAV
Uses barometric information to compute glide path
How do winds flow compared to isobars at the surface? Due to what?
Winds flow at an angle to isobars due to surface friction
How do winds flow compared to isobars away from the surface?
Whens flow parallel due to the Coriolis force
Rising air rotates in which direction?
Counterclockwise (low pressure)
What is windshear?
A dramatic change in wind direction or velocity. Causes turbulence and large changes in indicated airspeed
Explain precipitation fog
Warm rain falls through cool air. Evaporation from the rain saturates the cool air and condenses
What is induction icing
Icing that Impedes air from entering the intake manifold to mix with fuel
What causes carb ice?
Incomplete vaporization of fuel combined with low pressure in the Venturi
Whats EFAS
En route flight advisory service. Flight watch that provides up-to-date weather advisories for pilots while in route
How often is TAF issued?
Every six hours
In TAF:
FROM
BECMG
TEMPO
Rapid change taking place within an hour
Gradual change taking place over an hour
Weather occurring for less than one hour
Area forecast issued how often? What are the three components And how long are they valid
Every 6 hours
Synopsis 18hrs location and movement of pressure sys
VFR clouds and weather 12hrs general description of clouds and weather significant to VFR ops
Outlook 6hrs describes prevailing condition
Name and describe three AIRMETS. How long are they valid?
Sierra - mountain obscuration and widespread IFR
Tango - Moderate turbulence, surface winds over 30, LLWS
Zulu - mod icing
6 hrs
Whats a SIGMET and how long is it valid
Significant weather information such as Severe turbulence not associated with thunderstorms, Severe icing, or widespread dust storms or volcanic ash. 4hrs
What’s a convective SIGMET? How long is it valid?
Issued for convective thunderstorm activity. Hail greater than 3/4 inch, wind more than 50, 2 hours
How often are winds and temperature aloft forecast issued?
Every 6 hours
How often is the surface Analysis issued? What is it?
Generated from surface station
reports. Shows pressure systems, isobars, fronts, airmass boundaries (e.g,: dry lines and outflow boundaries) and station information (e.g,: wind, temperature/dew point, sky coverage, and precipitation). Issued every 3 hours
What is the Weather depiction chart? How often is it is it issued?
Graphical depiction of METARs. Every three hours
What is a Sigwx?
How often is it issued?
What does it show?
How long is it valid?
Significant weather prognostic chart. Hazards including Icing, freezing levels, turbulence. Released 4 times a day. 12 and 24 hour forecasts
What’s a radar summary chart? When is it issued?
Depicts precipitation type, intensity, coverage, movement, echoes, and maximum tops.
Issued 35 minutes past the hour
What causes sensation of motion we feel with our body? Which system is that?
Somatosensory. Nerves in our skin cells
What equalizes pressure in the inner ear?
Eustachian tube
What are the four types of hypoxia?
What are the symptoms? (5)
Hypoxic hypemic histotoxic stagnant.
Poor memory, judgment, alertness, vision, Coordination
Symptoms of hyperventilation
Lightheadedness, dizziness, drowsiness
Name 7 vestibular illusions
The leans (abrupt recovery from roll) Graveyard spin Graveyard spiral Elevator (up/downdraft) Coriolis (abrupt head movement) Somatogravic (acceleration/deceleration) Inversion (climb to level)
Whats ADM
Aeronautical decision making. A systematic approach to risk assessment and stress Management
IMSAFE stands for
Illness medication stress alcohol fatigue emotions/eating
5 p’s
Pilot passengers plane programming plan
What is the decide model?
It’s used to detect risk in flight.
Detect estimate choose identify do evaluate
What makes the G5 work?
Accelerometers detect vibration and changes . Magnetometers Determine location compared to a magnetic north
Do standard VOR service volumes apply to publish routes?
No
DPs are categorized by
Required equipment:
Non-RNAV (VOR , DME, NDB)
RNAV (GPS, VOR/DME, DME/DME)
Radar
Hold for release means
Release time means
You cant take off until cleared
You cant take off until___
EDCT
Expect departure clearance time. You must take off five minutes before or after this time
What’s an MVA?
Minimum vectoring altitude. Maybe lower than MEA or MOCA
An alt on the chart ending in G means
GPS MEA
What are the 4 Airspeeds
■ Indicated airspeed (IAS) – indicated on the airspeed indicator
■ Calibrated airspeed (CAS) – IAS corrected for instrument & position errors.
■ Equivalent airspeed (EAS) – CAS corrected for compressibility error.
■ True airspeed (TAS) – Actual speed through the air. EAS corrected for nonstandard
temperature and pressure
Which instrument will show reverse indication when you break the VSI window?
The VSI
When using an alternate static source, the other instruments will show
Altimeter - higher
Airspeed - faster
VSI - Momentary climb
What happens to the airspeed indicator when both the Pitot tube and drain are blocked?
Acts as an altimeter
Airspeeds for white, green, yellow arcs
White: Vso to Vfe
Green: Vs1 to Vno
Yellow: Vno to Vne
Vs1 Va Vs Vno Vx Vy
Stall speed, specific config Maneuvering speed (changes w weight) Stall speed clean Max structural cruise speed Best angle of climb Best rate of climb
Explain AHRS and ADC
Attitude heading reference system . Attitude and heading data
Air data computer. Replaces Pitot static instruments. Receives info from pitot, static ports and OAT
Flight Director
computes and displays command bars over the attitude indicator to assist the pilot in flying selected heading, course or vertical speed.
FMS
Flight management system. Receives inputs from various sensors and provides guidance to the autopilot and flight
director throughout the flight. The FMS also automatically monitors and selects the most appropriate navigation source for
accurate positioning. (GPS, VOR/DME, INS etc.)
EFIS
Electronic Flight Instrument Systems (“glass cockpit”)
PFD
MFD
Primary flight display - Instruments
Multi function display - gps, traffic, weather, maps, backup PFD
Required equip for Flight at and above FL240: ___ when ___
When using VOR for navigation, DME or RNAV
If operating for hire over water and beyond power-off gliding distance from shore, you must have:
■ An approved floatation device for each occupant
■ At least one pyrotechnic signaling device
Something is inop and you have no MEL. You should check:
Is the inoperative equipment required by:
■ VFR-day type certification requirements?
■ Equipment list or kind of operations equipment list?
■ §91.205 or other regulations for kind of operations?
■ An Airworthiness Directive (AD)?
Something inop but flying is permitted. What do you need to do?
■ Inoperative equipment is removed (affecting weight &
balance), or
■ deactivated and placarded “Inoperative.”
■ Pilot/mechanic determines no hazard from inop. item.
VOR service volumes
Terminal (T): 1-12k 25nm
Low (VL): 1-18k 40nm
New under MON: 5-17k 70nm
High (VH): 1-14.5k 40nm
14.5-18k 100nm
18-45k 130nm
45-60k 100nm
New 5-14.5k 70nmHow does DME work?
The ground DME facility receives and replies to the
interrogation.
■ Airborne unit calculates the slant range distance to
the station based on the reply time
DME error
■ Slant range error is negligible at 1 NM DME station
per every 1000ft height. For example, at 5000 ft, slant
range error is negligible when further than 5 NM of
the station
NDB formula
MH + RB = MB
Whats a Compass locator? At which markers may you find one?
A low powered NDB at OM or MM of some approaches
ALS distance from Runway threshold into approach area
Precision 2400-3000
NonPrecision 1400-1500
Two types of RNAV 1 routes
Q 18-45k’
T 1200-18k’
MRB
Magnetic reference bearing. published bearing between two waypoints on an RNAV route.
GNSS
Global navigation Satellite system (satellite based RNaV). GPS is a type of GNSS
GPS CDI deflection shows angular distance or real distance?
Real distance
Can GPS substitute ADF or DME?
Yes to both, except for ADF substitution on NDB approaches without a GPS overlay (“or
GPS” in title).
Non WAAS receiver - What should you do before your flight?
What if you have a WAAS receiver?
Check RAIM prediction and NOTAMS
check NOTAMS
What’s GBAS
Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS)
□ Formerly named Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) in the US
□ Errors are broadcasted via VHF to GBAS-enabled GPS receivers.
□ GBAS is more accurate than WAAS but covers a much smaller geographical area.
□ Allows for category I and above approaches to GLS DA minima.
What’s RNP? What are the 4 categories?
REQUIRED NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE (RNP)
■ GLS - DA minimas using GBAS (formerly LAAS)
■ LP - MDA or LPV DA minimas require RNP achieved by WAAS.
■ LNAV / VNAV - DA achieved by VNAV-approved WAAS, or BARO-VNAV systems.
■ LNAV - MDA - achieved by a basic, unaugmented IFR-approved GPS.
Whats RNAV
▷ RNAV is a system that enables navigation between any two points without the need to overfly ground-based stations.
Whats PBN
Performance Based Navigation
navigation equipment standards, in terms of accuracy, integrity, continuity, availability and
functionality for specific operation contexts (e.g., final approach, enroute, missed approach
What are the four PBN categories and the RNP for each?
▷ En route – RNP 2.0 (2 NM accuracy 95% of the flight time)
▷ Terminal & Departure – RNP 1.0 (1 NM accuracy 95% of the flight time)
▷ Final Approach – RNP 0.3 (0.3 NM accuracy 95% of flight time)
Basic attitude instrument flyingskills
Cross check, instrument interpretation, craft control
Common errors in attitude instrument flying
Omission, fixation, emphasis
Name the control instruments
□ Power - Tachometer, Manifold pressure, EPR, N1, etc.
□ Attitude - Attitude Indicator
Name the performance instruments
□ Pitch: altimeter, airspeed and VSI
□ Bank: Heading Indicator, Turn Coordinator, and magnetic compass
Mandatory reports under IFR
■ Missed approach
■ Airspeed ±10 kts / 5% change of filed TAS (whichever is
greater)
■ Reaching a holding fix (report time & altitude)
■ VFR on top when an altitude change will be made.
■ ETA changed ±2 min, or ±3 min in North Atlantic (NAT) *
■ Leaving a holding fix/point
■ Outer marker (or fix used in lieu of it) *
■ Un-forecasted weather
■ Safety of flight (any other information related to safety of
flight)
■ Vacating an altitude/FL
■ Final Approach fix *
■ Radio/Nav/approach equipment failure (§91.187)
■ Compulsory reporting points ▲ * (§91.183)
■ 500 - unable climb/descent 500 fpm
* Required only in non-radar environments (including ATC
radar failure)
Start speed reduction ___ minutes
before reaching the hold fix.
3
Standard time for a holding pattern leg
▷ At or below 14,000’ MSL – 1 minute
▷ Above 14,000’ MSL – 1.5 minutes
▷
Procedure turn max speed
200
When teardrop published instead of PT, where is IF?
IF: 10 miles from FAF
When teardrop published instead of PT, where is FAF if nav facility is located on the airport?
FAF: Final approach starts at completion of the teardrop turn. However, the final approach segment begins on the final approach course 10 miles from the facility
Visibility and decision height for category I
2400 or 1800, 200’ DA
When can you descend to the
next instrument approach
segment?
▷ When cleared for the approach
and established on a segment of
a published approach or route.
Glide slope range
10nm
What’s the IM
Inner marker. point where the glide slope meets the DH on a CAT II ILS approach. WHITE …..
When can you descend below MDA or DA? (3)
1 Aircraft is in continuously in a position to land from a normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers
2 visibility > prescribed in the approach
3 at least one of the following visual references is distinctly visible:
A. the approach light system, except that the pilot may not descend below 100 feet above the touchdowns on elevation using the approach lights as a reference unless the red terminating bars for red side row bars are also visible
B. any of the runway lights or markings in that long list
Requirements for long XC flight (4)
□ 250 NM along airways or by directed ATC
routing.
□ An instrument approach at each airport.
□ 3 different kinds of approaches using
navigation systems.
□ With a filed IFR flight plan.
How much simulator time can be counted for your instrument rating?
■ Use of approved full flight simulator or FTD, if trained by
authorized instructor:
▷ Max 20 hours if not completed under 142
■ Use of FAA approved Aviation Training Device, if trained
by an authorized instructor:
▷ Max.10 hours of instrument time if Basic ATD
▷ Max. 20 hours of instrument time if Advanced ATD
What’s the VDP
Visual descent point. A defined point on the final approach course of a non-precision straight-in approach procedure from which normal descent
from the MDA to the runway touchdown point may begin, provided adequate visual reference is established.
■ Identified by a ‘V’ symbol on the descent profile.
■ If not equipped to identify the VDP, fly the approach as if no VDP was published.
■ Do not descend below the MDA prior to reaching the VDP.
Calculate VDP by distance and time
Distance
VDP (in NM from threshold) = MDH / 300
Example: VDP = 600 / 300 = 2 NM
Start the descent 2 NM from the threshold.
By time: MDH / 10 = seconds to subtract from time between FAF and MAP
Example: Given MDH is 500 ft, FAF to MAP is 4:00, when would you be over the VDP and start the descent from MDA/H?
500 / 10 = 50 seconds. 4:00 - 0:50 = 3:10
Start the descent at 3:10 (time from FAF)
What’s a VDA?
When is it published?
VISUAL DESCENT ANGLE
■ A computed glide path from the FAF to the runway’s TCH, typically 3 degrees
■ on all non-precision approaches except those published in conjunction with vertically guided minimums (i.e., ILS or LOC RWY XX) or no FAF procedures without a stepdown fix (i.e., on-airport VOR or NDB).
A VDA does not guarantee obstacle protection below the MDA.
■ VDAs are advisory only
TCH stands for
Threshold crossing height
Formula for Rate of Descent for a 3º Glide Path
VS (fpm) = Ground Speed X 5
How far does class A airspace extend over the water?
12nm
Dimensions of class C air space
Bottom tier 5nm radius up to 1200 agl
top tier 10nm radius 1200’ to 4000 agl
20nm procedural area
Is traffic separation provided and class c air space?
Yes. Also in procedural area 20 NM radius (for participating aircraft)
Night vis and ceiling for class G
Night: 3152 * or 1SM Clear of Clouds if in a traffic pattern within ½ SM from a
runway.
Minimum ceiling and vis for VFR in controlled airport
■ Except (SVFR), no person may operate an aircraft beneath the ceiling under VFR within the
lateral boundaries of controlled airspace designated to the surface for an airport when the ceiling is less than 1,000’ and vis less than 3sm
What are MTRs
■Military training routes
IFR MTRs (IR) are typically above 1,500’ AGL, while VFR MTRs (VR) are below 1,500’ AGL.
■ Generally, MTRs are established below 10,000 ft at speeds in excess of 250 knots. Segments may exist at higher altitudes.
▷ MTRs with no segments above 1,500’ AGL are identified by 4 digits; e.g., IR1206, VR1207.
▷ MTRs that include one or more segments above 1,500’ AGL are identified by three digits; e.g., IR206,
VR207.
Requirements to operate within an ADIZ (4)
▷ An operable Transponder with altitude encoding.
▷ Two-way radio communication with the appropriate
aeronautical facility.
▷ File an IFR or Defense VFR (DVFR) Flight Plan.
▷ Depart within 5 minutes of flight plan’s estimated
departure time
What’s a SFRA
Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA)
An airspace where special air traffic rules (SATR) have been established
Speed limit at or below 2,500’ within 4 NM of the primary airport of a Class C or D airspace
200kts
What’s FIS-B
Flight Information Services-Broadcast
ground information data link service, provided through the ADS-B service network. Provides
aviation weather and aeronautical information on cockpit displays. Some information available on FIS-B:
▷ METAR, TAF, NEXRAD, AIRMET, SIGMETs and
convective SIGMETs
▷ TFR, Special Use Airspace updates and NOTAMs (FDC and distant)
▷ PIREPs
What are ASOS and AWOS? How often do ASOS and AWOS update?
■ Automated Surface Observation System (ASOS) – Typically update hourly
■ Automated Weather Observation System (AWOS) – Update every minute
TYPES OF WEATHER BRIEFINGS
Standard – A full briefing. Includes: adverse conditions, VFR not recommended, synopsis, current conditions, en route forecast, destination forecast, winds aloft, NOTAMs and ATC delays.
■ Abbreviated – Updates previously received information from mass disseminated sources or a previous briefing.
■ Outlook – For departures 6 or more hours away.
■ Inflight – any of the above
Which sigmets are scheduled? How long are they valid?
Convective are released hourly at 55 past, valid for 2 hours
When are convective sigmets issued?
What does a convective sigmet imply?
□ Severe thunderstorms due to:
◦ Surface winds greater or equal to 50 knots
◦ Hail at the surface greater than 3/4 inch in
diameter
□ Tornadoes
□ Embedded thunderstorms of any intensity
□ A line of thunderstorms at least 60 miles long
with thunderstorms affecting at least 40% of its
length
□ Thunderstorms producing heavy or greater
precipitation (VIP level 4) affecting at least 40% of
an area of at least 3000 square miles.
▷ Any Convective SIGMET implies severe or greater
turbulence, severe icing, and low level wind shear.
How often are the winds aloft issued?
Which information is not shown?
Every 6 hours
Winds at altitude up to 1500’ AGL and temperatures at up to 2500’ AGL are not shown.
Above FL240 temperatures are negative and the minus
sign (-) is omitted.
Code for light and variable winds?
9900
Decode this wind aloft: 7525-02:
winds 250 @ 125 kt, -2° C.
Which weather product has both 12 and 24 hour forecast?
What altitude is it valid up to?
How often is it issued?
What is depicted?
■ Low level significant weather (sigwx)chart – Forecasts significant weather conditions for a 12 and 24 hour period
from the surface to 400 mb level (24,000 ft).
Issued 4 times a day.
Depicts weather categories (IFR, MVFR and VFR, turbulence and freezing winds
Mid-level significant weather chart – which altitudes?
Depicts what?
Issued?
various 10,000’ MSL to FL450
Forecasted thunderstorms, jet streams, tropopause height, tropical cyclones, moderate and severe icing conditions, moderate or severe turbulence, cloud coverage and type, volcanic ash and areas of released radioactive materials.
Ever 6 hours
High-level significant weather charts
Altitudes?
Depicts what?
Issued?
forecasts of significant weather phenomena for FL250 to FL630.
Shows: coverage bases and tops of thunderstorms and CB clouds, moderate and severe turbulence, jet streams,
tropopause heights, tropical cyclones, severe squall lines, volcanic eruption sites, widespread sand and dust storms.
Issued 4 times a day.
What do you call the 3-day forecast of convective activity?
Issuance?
Convective outlook (AC) Convective areas are classified as marginal, slight, enhanced, moderate, and high risk for severe weather. Issuance: day 1 – 5 times a day day 2 – twice a day day 3 – once a day.
Name three types of Weather satellite images
▷ Visible □ Helps in identifying cloud coverage. ▷ Infrared (Color or B/W) □ Measure cloud top temperature □ Highest clouds=white. □ Low clouds and fog=dark gray, ▷ Water vapor □ Shows areas of moist and dry air in shades of gray from white to black. □ Moist=white
Three stages of a thunderstorm, Heights, and what is happening?
- Cumulus (3-5 mile height) – The lifting action of the air begins, growth rate may exceed 3000 fpm.
- Mature (5-10 miles height) – Begins when precipitation starts falling from the cloud base. Updraft at this stage may exceed 6000 fpm. Downdrafts may exceed 2500 fpm. All thunderstorm hazards are at their greatest intensit
- Dissipating (5-7 miles height) – Characterized by strong downdrafts and the cell dying rapidly.
Fog occurs when: (2)
■ The air temperature reaches its dew point,
■ dew point is raised to the existing temperature by saturating the air with added moisture
Two conditions for structural ice formation:
- Visible moisture (i.e., rain, cloud droplets), and 2. Aircraft
surface temperature below freezing.
Name 4 types of icing
■ Structural Ice.
■ Instrument ice – Structural ice forming over aircraft instruments and sensors, such as pitot and static.
■ Induction/intake ice – ice reducing the amount of air for the engine intake.
■ Carburetor ice – May form due to the steep temperature drop in the carburetor Venturi. Typical conditions are outside air temperatures of -7° to 21° C and a high relative humidity (above 80%).
How do you avoid decompression sickness?
wait at least 12 hours after diving that does not require a controlled ascent (non-decompression stop diving) for flights up to 8000 ft
MSL
wait 24 hours for flights above 8000 ft or after any diving that required a controlled ascent (decompression stop
diving).
Oxygen requirements for unpressurized cabins
Cabin pressure altitudes 12,500 to 14,000’ MSL (including) – The required minimum flight crew must be provided with and must use supplemental O2 for periods of flight over 30 minutes.
▷ >14,000’ – The required minimum flight crew must be provided with and must use
supplemental O2 the entire flight time at these altitudes.
▷ >15,000’ MSL – Each occupant must be provided with supplemental O2.
Oxygen requirements for pressurized cabins
▷ Above FL250 - an addition of at least 10 minutes of supplemental O2 for each occupant is required.
▷ Above FL350 - one pilot at the controls must wear and use an O2 mask unless two pilots are at the control with quick-
donning masks and the aircraft is at or below FL410.
▷ If one pilot leaves the controls above FL350, the other pilot must wear and use his O2 mask regardless if it’s a quick
donning type
Which system consists of organs in the inner ear? Which organs are there?
Vestibular system
◦ 3 semicircular canals filled with fluid, which moves against tiny sensory hairs as the head is moved. The brain gets these signals and interprets a sensation of movement.
◦ 2 otolith organs, the utricle and saccule, sense acceleration in the horizontal and vertical planes.
The leans
After leveling the wings following a prolonged turn, pilot may feel that the aircraft is banked in the opposite direction of the turn.
Name 2 visual illusions
false horizon
Autokinesis (lights appear to move)
Explain coriolis illusion
After a prolonged turn, the fluid in the ear canal moves at same speed as the canal. A head movement on a different plane will cause the fluid to start moving and result in a false sensation of acceleration or turning on a different axis.
Graveyard spiral
“the leans” causes the pilot to turn
back in the original direction. Since a higher angle of attack is required during a turn to remain level, the pilot may notice a loss of altitude and apply back force on the elevator. This may tighten the spiral and increase the loss of altitude.
Somatogravic illusion
Rapid acceleration stimulates the inner ear otolith organs in the same way as tilting the head backwards. This may create the illusion of a higher pitch angle. Deceleration causes the opposite illusion
Elevator illusion
An abrupt upward vertical acceleration may create the illusion a climb, due to fluid movement in the otolith organs.
Name 7 optical illusions
Runway Width Illusion Runway and Terrain Slope Illusion Featureless Terrain Illusion Water Refraction Haze Fog Ground Lighting Illusion
Featureless Terrain Illusion
Flying over featureless or dark areas, such as in an overwater approach, can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is
Water Refraction
Rain on the windscreen can create an illusion of being at a higher altitude due to the horizon appearing lower than it is.
Flying into fog may create an illusion of:
a nose-up motion.
Ground Lighting Illusion
Lights along a straight path, such as a road or lights on moving trains, can be mistaken for runway and approach lights.
Bright runway and approach lighting systems, especially where few lights illuminate the surrounding terrain, may create the illusion that the runway is closer than it actually is.
For an LP or LPV minima you need what?
WAAS
GPS + baroVNAV can do which minima?
LNAV/VNAV or LNAV
Which are APVs?
LNAV/VNAV
LNAV
LPV
LP
LNAV/VNAV
LPV
VOR distance formula
1nm per degree at 60 miles
Time and distance to station formulas
Distance to station = TAS X min between bearings / degrees of BRG change
Time (minutes) to station = Seconds of BRG change / degrees of BRG change
Standard Rate Turn - Angle of Bank Calculation
(KTAS / 10) X 1.5
Example: 120 KTAS
(120 / 10) x 1.5 = 12 x 1.5 = 18º of bank
Cat B speeds
Cat C speeds
91-120
121-140
What’s sVFR?
Where is it available?
Visibility and cloud clearance
Night
An ATC clearance allowing operation under VFR with weather conditions lower than the standard VFR minimums.
SVFR is available below 10,000 MSL within the lateral
boundaries of the controlled airspace designated to the
surface of an airport.
1 SM and clear of clouds.
For night SVFR (sunset to sunrise), an Instrument rating
and instrument-equipped aircraft are required.
What info must PIC be familiar w before flight?
What are required tests and inspections for aircraft?
NWKRAFT
AVIATE AD
Before conducting an IFR flight using GPS, what checks should we made? (7)
GPS approved for IFR Database not expired GPS/WAAS NOTAMs RAIM availability (non-WAAS receivers) Operational status of ground-based navaids and 30-day VOR check Approaches at dest, alternate Manual onboard
When is RAIM check required? (2) .
3 ways to do it?
If Non-WAAS GPS or WAAS not available along entire route
FSs
Service availability prediction tool on FAA website
Receiver’s installed RAIM prediction capability
Does underlined frequency have voice capability?
If frequency has R by it, should you call or listen on it?
No voice
You should call because they are receiving
What can substitute for OM only?
What can substitute for OM and MM?
DME
compass locator, PAR/ASR, VOR, GPS
Speed limit for procedure turn
200
Headwind turns to tailwind. Do you go above or below glide slope?
Airspeed, pitch attitude decrease and you go below glideslope
UA/OV OKC 063064/TM 1522/FL080/TP C172/TA -04/WV 245040/TB LGT/RM IN CLR
64m on R063 from OKC, 1522 UTC, 8000’, -4 degrees C, wind 245 at 40, light turbulence, remarks in the clear
To operate IFR in class B you must have
VOR or RNAV
Two-way radio failure while operating on an IFR clearance in VFR. You should continue…
Under VFR and land as soon as practicable
Does MOCA give you nag signal coverage?
Only within 22nm of VOR
When using non-WAAS, when must ground based navaids be operational?
Along entire route, although you don’t have to actively monitor unless there’s a RAIM outage
Does MEA assure 2-way radio coverage and radar coverage?
No. Obstacle clearance and navaid reception only
What are compulsory reporting points when you are on a non-airway route between VORs?
Fixes used to define the route
GPS NOTAM for “unreliable” or “may not be available”. WYD?
Proceed using GPS with a backup nav system. Unreliable doesn’t mean signal lacks integrity
Ice-contaminated tailplane stall recovery
Retract wing flaps immediately, apply nose up pressure
Icing on ailerons leads to a roll upset. Recover by
ROLL WINGS LEVEL. Reducing AOA through increase in airspeed or extending wing flaps to first setting if below VFE
What’s this in the METAR? RAESNB42M
Rain ended and snow began at 42 past the hour
On ILS, red glideslope flag
On RNAV, LNAV/VNAV anunciation
Continue to LOC MDA
Go missed
Sidestep minima
MDA of the approach (circling minima)
what do airport colors mean on IFR low chart?
Green has instrument approach
Brown has none
Blue has military or high altitude approach
IFR low chart - what’s the distance in the white box?
The black box?
The D?
VOR to VOR
Fix to fix
distance to DME navaid (arrow points FROM navaid)
IFR low chart - thick and thin route lines.
Fat brown line
Thick - Airway 5nm from centerline on each side (10 total)
Thin - 4nm
Brown - brave route (NDBs)
IFR low chart - castle box?
Donut airport?
Box w speech bubble?
…… line
RCO for ARTCC (center)
Military airport
DME frequency
Time zone change
MON
Minimum operational Netwerk
VOR bypass
Can’t join airway there
Which satellites are geostationary?
WAAS
“Integ” warning
RAIM lost - go missed
When do you not need to do a procedure turn?
SHARPTT
Straighten, hold in lieu, Arc, radar vectors, no PT, timed, teardrop
Fpnm to FPM
Groundspeed/60 x Fpnm = FPM
Clearance needed for sid? Odp? Star?
Yes, no, yes
RNAV 1 means
RNP1 means
1nm error or less 95% of the time. RNP has self monitoring
Approach with a letter instead of number…
ABC: Only circling mins due to rate of descent or more than 30 deg off runway alignment
XYZ: different fix, mins, RNP
Class 1 medical
Before 40: 1 year
After 40: 6 months
Class 2 medical
12 months
Class 3 medical
Before 40: 60 months
After 40: 24 months
Are all ADs mandatory? State 3 types
Yes, service bulletins from manufacturer are not.
1 time, recurring, emergency
Does MRA have obstacle clearance?
Not necessarily if MEA changes
How much obstacle clearance do circling minimums give you?
300’
When can you descend while circling
1 visual reference
2 required vis
3 safe rate of decent w normal maneuvers
How does inop MM affect approach minimums?
It doesnt
What to include in position report
PTATEN
30FT DUC
30 days after death Foreign (sold to another country) Transfer of ownership Destroyed US citizenship revoked Cancelled
Standard IFR separations mins
3 miles within 40 miles of radar, 5 miles outside
3 components of ILS
Guidance (lateral, vertical), range (DME, marker becons), Visual (lights)
When must I go missed? (7)
Visibility less than mins Rwy not in sight at DA or MAP Full CDI deflection Unable to make safe descent/landing Circling visual contact lost RAIM integrity lost Instructed by ATC
What if LPV fails up during approach?
You can continue to LNAV mins but if there’s an Abort of loss of navigation or RAIM, you need to go missed
Instructions for circling
Once on final descent, switch to main nav display
1.3 from airport - start circle and report
Stay within 1.3
Keep runway within sight
Stay at/above MDA until safe to land
