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Dog Training > Instruction Set 3 - Conditioning Module > Flashcards

Instruction Set 3 - Conditioning Module Flashcards

1
Q

What is unconditioned stimulus?

A

a stimulus that causes a specific reflexive response without requiring learning, or conditioning. In our example, food is the unconditioned stimulus

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2
Q

What is unconditioned response?

A

the reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus. In our example, salivation is the unconditioned response.

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3
Q

What is conditioned response?

A

a learned response. In the experiment, salivating when only the bell was rung is the conditioned response.

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4
Q

what is conditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that causes a conditioned response. In our example, the ringing of the bell without the giving of food is the conditioned stimulus.

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5
Q

What is pairing?

A

the presenting of a conditioned stimulus just prior to (and perhaps during) the presenting of the unconditioned stimulus.

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6
Q

What’s meant by law of effect?

A

Instrumental behavior is differentionally strengthened or weakened by the consequences it produces.

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7
Q

Name four ways in which instrumental behavior can be strengthened or weakened.

A

Reward training, omission training, escape/avoidance training, and punishment training.

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8
Q

Explain the function of punishment.

A

Punishment is used to decrease the future probability of the behavior it follows.

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9
Q

Briefly explain the Premack principle.

A

The Premack principle suggests that the opportunity to perform some activities can be used to reinforce other behavior. Whether an activity will be reinforcing or punishing to the dog depends on its changing motivational state.

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10
Q

Explain the function of discriminative stimuli.

A

Discriminative stimuli signal to the dog that a particular contingency is in effect.

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11
Q

Identify two types of commands

A

Prepatory Commands
Commands of execution

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12
Q

What function is served by reprimands?

A

Reprimands serve to compel the dog perform under adverse motivational conditions.

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13
Q

What is a conditioned reinforcer?

A

A conditioned or secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that takes the place of immediate primary reinforcement.

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14
Q

Define backwards conditioning

A

Conditioning that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented after the unconditioned stimulus, in effect announcing that the unconditioned stimulus has occurred.

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15
Q

What are learning theorists

A

Scientists who faciltate labratory learning experiments

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16
Q

What is learning theory?

A

Information gathered on how living organisms adjust to their environment, and includes laws that govern the ways organisms changes its behaviors as a result of an experience

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17
Q

What is learning?

A

Relatively permanent change in behavior based on environmental experiences

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18
Q

What is anthropomorphism

A

Giving human characteristics to an animal

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19
Q

What is a variable?

A

Any factor that changes

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20
Q

What is a dependent variable in terms of learning

A

This variable depends on another variable

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21
Q

What is an independent variable in terms of learnig

A

Something that is introduces by the researcher to see what effect it has on the dependent variable

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22
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

An event that strenghtens of increases the proability of a response.

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23
Q

What is an intervening variable?

A

Something you can’t see but can presume is there

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24
Q

Briefly describe how learning and behavior are experimentally studied

A

A researcher selects a behavior to study (the dependent variable) and then introduces a factor (the independent variable) to see what effect it will have on the dependent variable. During the entire experiment, the researcher attempts to control all other relevant variables.

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25
Q

What is Response latency

A

The time it takes for a dog to respond

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26
Q

What is habituation?

A

Gradular adaptation of a response to a stimulus or environment

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27
Q

What age is best for socialization?

A

3-16 weeks

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28
Q

Repercussions of poor socialization

A
  • Become emotionally weak adults;
  • Become unable to form relationships with other dogs as they age;
  • Lack appropriate social behavior; and
  • Become fearful of new situations/stimuli;
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29
Q

How can habituation be used to control fear is dogs?

A

By exposing the dog to small amounts of the negative stimulus

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30
Q

What is the “sensitive period” in a dogs life?

A

puppies early life when they are highly receptive to the process of socialization

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31
Q

a stimulus that causes a specific reflexive response without requiring learning, or conditioning.

A

Unconditioned stimulus

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32
Q

the reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus.

A

Unconditioned response

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33
Q

a learned response is also known as what

A

Conditioned response

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34
Q

a stimulus that causes a conditioned response.

A

Conditioned stimulus

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35
Q

presenting of a conditioned stimulus just prior to (and perhaps during) the presenting of the unconditioned stimulus.

A

Pairing

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36
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Interested in discovering how consequences affect now reflextive behavior

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37
Q

Describe Pavlov’s experiment and its result.

A

Pavlov used a neutral stimulus (a bell) and paired it with the giving of food to a dog. Eventually, the dog learned to salivate when the bell was rung even if it didn’t receive any food.

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38
Q

What’s the basic difference between classical and operant conditioning

A

Basically, classical conditioning has to do with pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, certain behavior is made more likely to occur through reinforcement (reward)

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39
Q

Explain Thorndike’s law of effect

A

If you reward a certain behavior with something pleasant, the behavior is more likely to be repeated in the future. If you follow a behavior by giving the subject something unpleasant, the behavior is less likely to be repeated.

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40
Q

What is motor learning?

A

acquiring the skills necessary to perform certain physical activities

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41
Q

what is Expectancy

A

Expectant behavior refers to the actions of an organism that clearly indicate it’s expecting a particular thing to occur.

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42
Q

What is latent learning

A

storing information to use at a later date

43
Q

Who preformed numerous experiments to see if animals can use insight?

A

Wolfgang Kohler

44
Q

What learning occurs even in the absence of reinforcements

A

Latent learning

45
Q

When does social learning occur?

A

When dogs interact with other people and dogs

46
Q

What is observational learning?

A

When a dog learns something from watching another dog

47
Q

What are allelominmetic tendecies?

A

group coordinated behaviors depending on the innate tendency to follow the actions of others.

48
Q

What is social facilitation?

A

The effect one dog has on the behavior of another

49
Q

What is local enhancement?

A

Combines allelominmetic tendencies and social facilitation when dogs see something they would benefit from that they would not have otherwise seen

50
Q

Why is it more advantageous for a dog to learn through observation than by doing?

A

less risk and less energy used

51
Q

another term for classical conditioning

A

respondent conditioning

52
Q

What are the types of conditioning?

A

Trace Conditioning
Delay conditioning
Temporal conditioning
Simultaneous conditoning
Backwards conditioning

53
Q

Describe trace conditioning

A

The conditioned stimulus, such as “good,” is presented just before presenting the unconditioned stimulus (food or petting).

54
Q

Describle delay conditioning

A

The conditioned stimulus (“good”) is presented shortly before unconditioned stimulus (praise) and then briefly overlaps the unconditioned stimulus before both are discontinued.

55
Q

What is temporal conditioning?

A

a conditioned stimulus (“good”) occurs at regular intervals.

56
Q

Describe simultaneous conditioning

A

occurs when both the conditioned stimulus (“good”) and unconditioned stimulus (petting/food) are presented at the same time.

57
Q

describe backward conditioning

A

occurs when the conditioned stimulus (“good”) is presented after the unconditioned stimulus (petting/food) is presented.

58
Q

What is Generalization?

A

When it is difficult for a dog to distinguish between conditioned stimuli and stimuli that resembles it

59
Q

What is the process of discrimination when it comes to learning

A

teaching dogs the difference between closely related signals by reinforcing only the desired simuli and giving other wrong options.

60
Q

What is Sensory Preconditioning

A

Pairing two stimuli (click and good) together, and then pairing one of those stimuli to an unconditioned stimuli such as food. This will often make both stimuli react the same.

61
Q

What can happen when presenting multiple stimuli

A

Blocking or overshadowing

62
Q

What is blocking?

A

Two stimuli have equal salience but one stimulus is already conditioned to another conditioned response.

63
Q

What is overshadowing?

A

When one stimuli is more appealing than the other

64
Q

Briefly describe a simple Pavlovian experiment

A

A bell is sounded just before the dog is given a small amount of food. After several trials the bell alone will elicit salivation.

65
Q

What is an unconditioned reflex

A

An unconditioned reflex consists of an unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response.

66
Q

Explain what occurs during classical conditioning

A

During classical conditioning, an unconditioned response is brought under the control of a previously neutral stimulus.

67
Q

What classical conditioning phenomenon occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without its corresponding unconditioned stimulus

A

Extinction

68
Q

Explain latent inhibition

A

Latent inhibition occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly presented without reinforcement.

69
Q

Briefly explain how systematic desensitization occurs

A

The dog is gradually exposed to fear-eliciting stimulation while simultaneously experiencing emotional states that are incompatible with fear

70
Q

What is instrumental conditioning?

A

using motivation to maximize desireable outcomes while avoiding undersireable ones.

71
Q

What is another term for reward training

A

positive reinforcement

72
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

Rewarding desirable behaviors with something the dog sees value in

73
Q

What is omission training/negative punishment?

A

withdrawal of previously given rewards which results in the extinction of a behavior

74
Q

What is another term of omission training?

A

negative punishment

75
Q

What is escape/avoidant training?

A

when a response that removes or prevents an aversive (pain or fear-eliciting) stimulus is strengthened

76
Q

What is another term for negative reinforcement

A

escape of avoidant training

77
Q

What is punishment training

A

using adverse techniques to supress undersireable behaviors

78
Q

what is another term for punishment training

A

Positive punishment

79
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

occurs when a behavior is strengthened

80
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

Occurs when a behavior is strengthened by producing a desirable consequence

81
Q

what is Negative reinforcement

A

Occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the termination, reduction, or avoidance of an undesirable consequence

82
Q

presentation of an aversive consequence suppresses or reduces the strength of some behavior is what kind of punishment

A

positive punishment

83
Q

the loss of a rewarding consequence suppresses or reduces the strength of some behavior is what kind of punishment

A

negative punishment

84
Q

what is the goal of negative reinforcement

A

improve the reliability of an avoidance response

85
Q

The Premack Principle

A

The Premack principle emphasizes that reward is relative and highly dependent on the dog’s changing motivational state.

Rewards can be whatever is of high value to your dog at the time.

86
Q

What is a correction

A

Used to compel a dog to do something that it refuses to do or to stop it from doing something it wants to do

87
Q

Two types of corrections commonly used

A

Demonstrative corrections
Restrictive Corrections

88
Q

what is a demonstrative correction?

A

compel a dog to perform on occasion when it refuses to obey a command which leads to avoidance

89
Q

what is a Restrictive Correction

A

Constrains the dog from doing something it wants to do but is not allowed; (pulling on a leash)and Reinforces another alternative behavior (walking on a leash properly)

90
Q

Describle discriminative stimulus

A

announces an opportunity to the dog to get a conditioned stimuli

91
Q

what are the two types of general commands

A

Preparatory Commands
Commands of execution

92
Q

What is a prepatory command

A

tells the dog to pay attention, most commonly the dogs name

93
Q

what is a command of execution

A

using a command

94
Q

what are the Two types of Reprimands

A

Imperative
Instructive

95
Q

What is an imperative Reprimand

A

vocal restrictive corrections like no, enough, stop

96
Q

What is an instructive Reprimand

A

acting as a command like off, quiet, and leave it.

97
Q

what is a secondary, or conditioned reinforcer used for?

A

to conditionally reinforce the target behavior in the absence of the primary, or unconditioned, reinforcer

98
Q

what are the most common bridge signals?

A

vocal

99
Q

What is successive appoximation

A

teaching a dog a task by rewarding at individual milestoles

100
Q

What is chaining?

A

Adding multiple commands in a sequence where oneconditioned reinforcer is good and there is no need for a primary reinforcer each command

101
Q

What are the two types of reinforcement schedules?

A

Continuous
Intermittend

102
Q

What is continuous reinforcement schedule

A

giving a reinforcement after every successful behavior

103
Q

What is intermittent reinforcement schedule

A

only giving a primary reinforcment occassionlly

104
Q
A

Dog Training (1 decks)

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