Instruction Set 3 - Conditioning Module Flashcards
What is unconditioned stimulus?
a stimulus that causes a specific reflexive response without requiring learning, or conditioning. In our example, food is the unconditioned stimulus
What is unconditioned response?
the reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus. In our example, salivation is the unconditioned response.
What is conditioned response?
a learned response. In the experiment, salivating when only the bell was rung is the conditioned response.
what is conditioned stimulus?
A stimulus that causes a conditioned response. In our example, the ringing of the bell without the giving of food is the conditioned stimulus.
What is pairing?
the presenting of a conditioned stimulus just prior to (and perhaps during) the presenting of the unconditioned stimulus.
What’s meant by law of effect?
Instrumental behavior is differentionally strengthened or weakened by the consequences it produces.
Name four ways in which instrumental behavior can be strengthened or weakened.
Reward training, omission training, escape/avoidance training, and punishment training.
Explain the function of punishment.
Punishment is used to decrease the future probability of the behavior it follows.
Briefly explain the Premack principle.
The Premack principle suggests that the opportunity to perform some activities can be used to reinforce other behavior. Whether an activity will be reinforcing or punishing to the dog depends on its changing motivational state.
Explain the function of discriminative stimuli.
Discriminative stimuli signal to the dog that a particular contingency is in effect.
Identify two types of commands
Prepatory Commands
Commands of execution
What function is served by reprimands?
Reprimands serve to compel the dog perform under adverse motivational conditions.
What is a conditioned reinforcer?
A conditioned or secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that takes the place of immediate primary reinforcement.
Define backwards conditioning
Conditioning that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented after the unconditioned stimulus, in effect announcing that the unconditioned stimulus has occurred.
What are learning theorists
Scientists who faciltate labratory learning experiments
What is learning theory?
Information gathered on how living organisms adjust to their environment, and includes laws that govern the ways organisms changes its behaviors as a result of an experience
What is learning?
Relatively permanent change in behavior based on environmental experiences
What is anthropomorphism
Giving human characteristics to an animal
What is a variable?
Any factor that changes
What is a dependent variable in terms of learning
This variable depends on another variable
What is an independent variable in terms of learnig
Something that is introduces by the researcher to see what effect it has on the dependent variable
What is a reinforcer?
An event that strenghtens of increases the proability of a response.
What is an intervening variable?
Something you can’t see but can presume is there
Briefly describe how learning and behavior are experimentally studied
A researcher selects a behavior to study (the dependent variable) and then introduces a factor (the independent variable) to see what effect it will have on the dependent variable. During the entire experiment, the researcher attempts to control all other relevant variables.
What is Response latency
The time it takes for a dog to respond
What is habituation?
Gradular adaptation of a response to a stimulus or environment
What age is best for socialization?
3-16 weeks
Repercussions of poor socialization
- Become emotionally weak adults;
- Become unable to form relationships with other dogs as they age;
- Lack appropriate social behavior; and
- Become fearful of new situations/stimuli;
How can habituation be used to control fear is dogs?
By exposing the dog to small amounts of the negative stimulus
What is the “sensitive period” in a dogs life?
puppies early life when they are highly receptive to the process of socialization
a stimulus that causes a specific reflexive response without requiring learning, or conditioning.
Unconditioned stimulus
the reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned response
a learned response is also known as what
Conditioned response
a stimulus that causes a conditioned response.
Conditioned stimulus
presenting of a conditioned stimulus just prior to (and perhaps during) the presenting of the unconditioned stimulus.
Pairing
What is operant conditioning?
Interested in discovering how consequences affect now reflextive behavior
Describe Pavlov’s experiment and its result.
Pavlov used a neutral stimulus (a bell) and paired it with the giving of food to a dog. Eventually, the dog learned to salivate when the bell was rung even if it didn’t receive any food.
What’s the basic difference between classical and operant conditioning
Basically, classical conditioning has to do with pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, certain behavior is made more likely to occur through reinforcement (reward)
Explain Thorndike’s law of effect
If you reward a certain behavior with something pleasant, the behavior is more likely to be repeated in the future. If you follow a behavior by giving the subject something unpleasant, the behavior is less likely to be repeated.
What is motor learning?
acquiring the skills necessary to perform certain physical activities
what is Expectancy
Expectant behavior refers to the actions of an organism that clearly indicate it’s expecting a particular thing to occur.
What is latent learning
storing information to use at a later date
Who preformed numerous experiments to see if animals can use insight?
Wolfgang Kohler
What learning occurs even in the absence of reinforcements
Latent learning
When does social learning occur?
When dogs interact with other people and dogs
What is observational learning?
When a dog learns something from watching another dog
What are allelominmetic tendecies?
group coordinated behaviors depending on the innate tendency to follow the actions of others.
What is social facilitation?
The effect one dog has on the behavior of another
What is local enhancement?
Combines allelominmetic tendencies and social facilitation when dogs see something they would benefit from that they would not have otherwise seen
Why is it more advantageous for a dog to learn through observation than by doing?
less risk and less energy used
another term for classical conditioning
respondent conditioning
What are the types of conditioning?
Trace Conditioning
Delay conditioning
Temporal conditioning
Simultaneous conditoning
Backwards conditioning
Describe trace conditioning
The conditioned stimulus, such as “good,” is presented just before presenting the unconditioned stimulus (food or petting).
Describle delay conditioning
The conditioned stimulus (“good”) is presented shortly before unconditioned stimulus (praise) and then briefly overlaps the unconditioned stimulus before both are discontinued.
What is temporal conditioning?
a conditioned stimulus (“good”) occurs at regular intervals.
Describe simultaneous conditioning
occurs when both the conditioned stimulus (“good”) and unconditioned stimulus (petting/food) are presented at the same time.
describe backward conditioning
occurs when the conditioned stimulus (“good”) is presented after the unconditioned stimulus (petting/food) is presented.
What is Generalization?
When it is difficult for a dog to distinguish between conditioned stimuli and stimuli that resembles it
What is the process of discrimination when it comes to learning
teaching dogs the difference between closely related signals by reinforcing only the desired simuli and giving other wrong options.
What is Sensory Preconditioning
Pairing two stimuli (click and good) together, and then pairing one of those stimuli to an unconditioned stimuli such as food. This will often make both stimuli react the same.
What can happen when presenting multiple stimuli
Blocking or overshadowing
What is blocking?
Two stimuli have equal salience but one stimulus is already conditioned to another conditioned response.
What is overshadowing?
When one stimuli is more appealing than the other
Briefly describe a simple Pavlovian experiment
A bell is sounded just before the dog is given a small amount of food. After several trials the bell alone will elicit salivation.
What is an unconditioned reflex
An unconditioned reflex consists of an unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response.
Explain what occurs during classical conditioning
During classical conditioning, an unconditioned response is brought under the control of a previously neutral stimulus.
What classical conditioning phenomenon occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without its corresponding unconditioned stimulus
Extinction
Explain latent inhibition
Latent inhibition occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly presented without reinforcement.
Briefly explain how systematic desensitization occurs
The dog is gradually exposed to fear-eliciting stimulation while simultaneously experiencing emotional states that are incompatible with fear
What is instrumental conditioning?
using motivation to maximize desireable outcomes while avoiding undersireable ones.
What is another term for reward training
positive reinforcement
What is positive reinforcement
Rewarding desirable behaviors with something the dog sees value in
What is omission training/negative punishment?
withdrawal of previously given rewards which results in the extinction of a behavior
What is another term of omission training?
negative punishment
What is escape/avoidant training?
when a response that removes or prevents an aversive (pain or fear-eliciting) stimulus is strengthened
What is another term for negative reinforcement
escape of avoidant training
What is punishment training
using adverse techniques to supress undersireable behaviors
what is another term for punishment training
Positive punishment
What is reinforcement?
occurs when a behavior is strengthened
what is positive reinforcement
Occurs when a behavior is strengthened by producing a desirable consequence
what is Negative reinforcement
Occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the termination, reduction, or avoidance of an undesirable consequence
presentation of an aversive consequence suppresses or reduces the strength of some behavior is what kind of punishment
positive punishment
the loss of a rewarding consequence suppresses or reduces the strength of some behavior is what kind of punishment
negative punishment
what is the goal of negative reinforcement
improve the reliability of an avoidance response
The Premack Principle
The Premack principle emphasizes that reward is relative and highly dependent on the dog’s changing motivational state.
Rewards can be whatever is of high value to your dog at the time.
What is a correction
Used to compel a dog to do something that it refuses to do or to stop it from doing something it wants to do
Two types of corrections commonly used
Demonstrative corrections
Restrictive Corrections
what is a demonstrative correction?
compel a dog to perform on occasion when it refuses to obey a command which leads to avoidance
what is a Restrictive Correction
Constrains the dog from doing something it wants to do but is not allowed; (pulling on a leash)and Reinforces another alternative behavior (walking on a leash properly)
Describle discriminative stimulus
announces an opportunity to the dog to get a conditioned stimuli
what are the two types of general commands
Preparatory Commands
Commands of execution
What is a prepatory command
tells the dog to pay attention, most commonly the dogs name
what is a command of execution
using a command
what are the Two types of Reprimands
Imperative
Instructive
What is an imperative Reprimand
vocal restrictive corrections like no, enough, stop
What is an instructive Reprimand
acting as a command like off, quiet, and leave it.
what is a secondary, or conditioned reinforcer used for?
to conditionally reinforce the target behavior in the absence of the primary, or unconditioned, reinforcer
what are the most common bridge signals?
vocal
What is successive appoximation
teaching a dog a task by rewarding at individual milestoles
What is chaining?
Adding multiple commands in a sequence where oneconditioned reinforcer is good and there is no need for a primary reinforcer each command
What are the two types of reinforcement schedules?
Continuous
Intermittend
What is continuous reinforcement schedule
giving a reinforcement after every successful behavior
What is intermittent reinforcement schedule
only giving a primary reinforcment occassionlly
