Instruction Flashcards
In this method of instructional theory, language instruction is based on the principle that second language should be acquired in much the same way as first languages
Direct Method (or Natural Method)
How does the Direct Method Instructional Theory develop oral language?
Oral language skills are emphasized, but students are not required to speak; instead, teachers provide students with materials in the target language and permit them to take their time acclimating to the new language to create a stress-free learning environment; belief that students will produce comprehensible output when ready
How do students learn grammar through the Direct Method?
Induction - they figure our the rules of the language as they acquire speaking and listening skills, learning through a combined process of imitation and trial and error
What is the focus of the Direct Method?
The focus is never on the grammatical structure; instead, the key objective is to create a wide vocabulary base with the understanding that grammar and syntax will be learned predominantly through induction and practice.
How is learning materials presented in the Direct Method of Instructional Theory?
L1 is never used, and translations are not provided. Learning materials is often presented first with pictures, actions, or other visual cues to aid students in making connections between the target language and their prior knowledge.
What are the major weaknesses presented with the Direct Method?
The Direct Method functions under the assumption that students can learn a second language in the same way that they learned their first - which is rarely true
This method of language instruction was originally intended to assist students in reading and translating of foreign language literature; teaching in native language while focusing on grammatical rules of target language students will be able to recognize similarities
Grammar-Translation Method
What activities are emphasized in the Grammar-Translation Method?
Activities that allow students to develop strengths in reading and writing believed to aid students in achieving greater accuracy in their use of the target language
According to the Grammar-Translation Method proponents, why should the focus be on increasing reading skills?
The development of reading skills increases students’ vocabularies, thus allowing for greater understanding of figures of speech and idiomatic expressions, enhancement of interpretation abilities, and allowing students to produce strong written work in the target language
What is a weakness to the Grammar-Translation Method?
It is argued that students who learn this way develop only limited speaking skills
This method of language instruction is an oral-based approach developed by linguists and behavioral psychologists; teaches target language through repetition to emphasize grammatical structural patterns and vocabulary; focus on key phrases and significant dialogue that are considered most useful
Audio-Lingual Method (ALM)
How are students encouraged through the Audio-Lingual Method?
Students are rewarded for correct responses, and incorrect responses are disregarded; through purposeful rewards, students learn the necessary components of successful interaction.
This method of language instruction is a combination of several methods and is based on the notion that successful language acquisition comes from the need to communicate real meaning
Communicative Approach
This methodology housed under the communicative approach focuses on students’ abilities to communicate through interaction in the target language; authentic texts, realistic scenarios, personal experiences
Communicative Language Approach (CLT)
This term refers to a person’s knowledge of grammar and syntax, as well as the ability to interpret and execute appropriate social behaviors and conversational elements such as idiomatic expressions and cultural slang
Communicative Competence
In this methodology housed under the communicative approach, lessons are designed around the completion of tasks that are either assigned by instructors or selected by students; allow student input in own learning, emphasize the application of real-life skills
Task-based Instruction (TBI)
This method of language instruction provides students, particularly beginning language learners, with the opportunity to acquire language skills by listening to and following spoken commands; instructor model commands and repeat them as students carry out using facial expressions and gestures
Total Physical Response (TPR)
This method of language instruction is based on the idea that language learning should be much like problem-solving and discovery learning; teachers are as silent as possible during lessons to promote student participation and experimentation; focus on specific goals; repetition and memorization avoided
The Silent Way
Manipulatives are very important in this method of language instruction; tools such as Cuisenaire rods, Fidel charts, and sound-color charts are used
The Silent Way
This tool used in language instruction is a set of different colored rods of different lengths that can be manipulated to demonstrate prepositional relationships, make comparisons, represent objects, and even form models
Cuisenaire Rods
This tool is used to as displays of English words, arranged according to their sounds; students interact with these materials to produce comparisons and expand their knowledge of vocabulary
Fidel Charts
This ESOL program is intended to maximize the time ELLs spend in general education content classrooms. Teachers travel to content classroom to provide supplemental help
Push-In
The Push-in ESOL program utilizes what kind of teaching strategies?
Co-Planning
Team-Teaching
Small-Group Instruction
One-on-One Instruction
In this ESOL program, ESL teachers take small groups of students from content classes for a limited portion of the school day; ELLs will receive specialized instruction, focusing on vocabulary and grammar objectives; most effective for elementary or for low level students who need to develop basic skills quickly
Pull-Out
This ESOL program provides ELLs with quick access to appropriate, grade-level content while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction; do not attend mainstream classes but do learn the same content
Sheltered Instruction
What are the eight components of the SIOP Model?
Lesson Preparation Building Background Comprehensible Input Learning Strategies Interaction Practice and Application Lesson Delivery Review and Assessment
All lessons should contain what two objectives?
Content Objectives and Language Objectives
What are the 6 types of cognitive strategies used to aid students in learning?
Comprehension Writing Problem-Solving Reasoning Self-Regulation Metacognitive
This type of cognitive strategy helps students process and retain content; usually broken up into the subcategories of monitoring, using text structures, summarizing, elaborating, and explaining
Comprehension Strategies
This type of cognitive strategy helps students complete unstructured tasks by emphasizing the importance of planning in order to conceive and organize ideas
Writing Strategies
This type of cognitive strategy helps students see ways in which they can achieve a specific goal
Problem-Solving Strategies
This type of cognitive strategy helps students determine what they believe to be true or false, correct or incorrect; helps the creation of arguments and counterarguments
Reasoning Strategies
This type of cognitive strategy helps students monitor their behaviors
Self-Regulation Strategies
This type of cognitive strategy helps think about their own thinking; analyze their knowledge to plan, monitor, evaluate, and revise thinking
Metacognitive Strategies
What are the 6 metacognitive strategies that can lead to increase in student learning?
Identify what is known and not Plan Keep a thought journal Talk about thinking Self-Evaluate Debrief
What are 4 strategies used to activate student prior knowledge?
Introduce vocab before content
Use graphic organizers, outlines, and diagrams
Brainstorm ideas about topic/content
Ask questions about content/topic and things related to it
This term refers to the set of skills that focus on the aspects of language that are governed by rules such as phonics, grammar, and syntax; taught through direct instruction; focused exercises alongside conversational abilities
Discrete Language Skills
This term refers to the set of skills that focus on the capabilities that allow students to practice and apply their knowledge of different elements of language simultaneously; two elements of content-based language instruction and task-based instruction
Integrated Language Skills
