institions

Question 1

family instition,
1
2
3

family is an ——-usit why? has a ——- from to

Answer 1

Family is a universal social institution. It is the basis of human society. It is the most important and primary group comprised of people related to one another by blood, marriage or legal ties.

The interpersonal relationships within the family make the family an endurable social unit which has tremendous influence on the life of an individual from birth until death.

Question 2

family terminology

Answer 2

The word family has been taken over from Latin word “Famulus” which means a servant.

Question 3

define family
1 who?
the ——— unit composed of?

2 who? is a —– defnie by

3 is a —– cha—– by

Answer 3

1. Elliot and Merrill suggest that family is the biological social unit composed of husband, wife and children.
2. Maclver is of the opinion that family is a group defined by sexual relationship, sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children.
3. Murdock orates that family is a social group characterized by common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction. It includes adult of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults

Question 4

residence

Answer 4

1. One of the significant functions which family perform is shared residence. The family members of a family live in a common place. For example, in the patrilineal and patriarchal society of Pakistan, the major responsibility of the parents is to arrange a separate residence for the marrying son and his future wife. After nikah, the bride is permanently shifted to her husband’s house where both initiate marital relations in a common residence.

Question 5

economic needs

Answer 5

2. Secondly, family fulfils the economic needs of its members. The family members are economically interdependent. Everywhere, there is division of labour among the family members based on sex and age. The economically independent family members fulfil the economic needs of its member, particularly of the dependent. Like in pakhtun societies, most of the females are primarily associated with indoor activities while the males perform outdoor economic activities. Therefore, the males fulfil the economic needs of its members. Moreover, the parents fulfil the economic needs of the children

Question 6

procreation

Answer 6

3. Another important function of family is the procreation of offspring. The married couple/couples of the family satisfy their sexual needs which lead to the reproduction of children that spread human species and perpetuate human race.

Question 7

encalcultion

Answer 7

4. Family is the basic social unit for the process of enculturation. Through enculturation, the immediate family members impart the basic rules and norms of social life to the children. Hence, culture is transmitted from one generation to another through family.

Question 8

types of family based on

Answer 8

Family is a basic social unit and it exists everywhere in the world, in one form
or another. Moreover, variations occur in it from time to time and place to place. There are various types of family i.e. based on birth, marriage, residence, ancestry or descent, authority and structure, which are explained below:

Question 9

monogamy

Answer 9

Monogamy is the composite of two words i.e. “mono” means one while “gamy” means to marry. Therefore, a form of marriage in which both partners have just one spouse at the same time is known as monogamy. Monogamy is very common and prevails in many societies of the world particularly in the industrialized societies

Question 10

types of famalies on babsis of birth

Answer 10

Family of Orientation
The family in which an individual is born and enculture, is his/her family of orientation.
Family of Procreation

The family in which a person gets marry is called his/her family of procreation. For example, husband’s family is the family of procreation for the wife.

Answer 12

Monogamous family
Based on monogamous marriage, the family which consist of one husband and wife, including children (born or adopted) is known as monogamous family.

Polygamous family

A family which is based on polygamous marriages, is known as polygamous family.

Polygamous family is of two types:

Polygynous family
A family consisting of one husband and more than one wife, including all the children born to all the wives or adopted by each of them.

Polyandrous family
A family consisting of one wife and more than one husband, including the children is known as polyandrous family.

Question 13

types of family based on residence

Answer 13

Family of Patrilocal Residence
After marriage, when a couple stays in the husband’s house, is known as family with patrilocal residence.
Family of Matrilocal Residence
After marriage, when a couple stays in the wife’s house, is known as family with matrilocal residence.

Question 14

family based ancestry or decent

Answer 14

Patrilineal Family
A family in which the ancestry or descent is traced through male line or father’s side is called a patrilineal family. In patrilineal families, the succession of property is through male line.

Matrilineal Family
A family in which the ancestry or decent is traced through female line or mother is known as matrilineal family. In matrilineal families, the succession of property is through female line.

Question 15

type of society baed on auhority

Answer 15

Patriarchal Family
A family in which the man is head of the family and authority is vested in him, is known as patriarchal family. Patriarchal families are commonly found in patrilineal societies, since most societies in the world are patrilineal. Patriarchal families are patrilocal in nature. For example, Pashtun society is a patrilineal patriarchal.
Matriarchal Family
A family in which the woman is head of the family and authority is vested in her, is known as matriarchal family. Matriarchal families are generally found in matriarchal societies which are very limited in number all over the world. Matriarchal societies are found in some parts of Latin America, Africa and India. Such families are matrilocal in nature.

Question 16

family types based on structure

Answer 16

Nuclear Family
A family comprised of a husband, wife and dependent/unmarried children, is called nuclear family. It is also known as conjugal/elementary/simple family. It consists of two generations only. In all modern societies, nuclear family is the most common type of family.
Husband + Wife + Dependent/Unmarried Children = Nuclear/Conjugal/Simple/Elementary Family
Joint Family
The family in which there is husband, wife and their married and unmarried children and sometime husband’s parents and his brothers and sisters, is known as joint family. In joint families, all the members have a shared kitchen system and common property.
Husband + Wife + Married and Unmarried Children + Husband’s Parents and, his Brothers and Sisters = Joint Family
Extended Family
Extended family is similar to that of joint family but the difference is that of the kitchen and common property. In extended family, all the members (usually nuclear families) either having the relation of siblings or parents and children, they live in the same house but the kitchen is separated. Moreover, the extended families consist of a series of relatives either from male or female lines but not of both.

Question 17

marrage is ——
all society ——- ——– have the ——- of ———
estab—– for?

connected to

what is it

Answer 17

All societies known today have the custom of marriage. Marriage is one of the universal social institutions, established and nourished by human society for the perpetuation of sexual needs and procreation of children. It is closely connected to the institution of family because it admits men and women to a family life.

Marriage is a culturally recognized union between people, called spouses that establish rights and obligations between them, as well as between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws.

Question 18

evolution of marriage

Answer 18

Early social thinkers, basically the followers of evolutionism were of the opinion that human beings lived in a state of promiscuity where individual marriages did not exit. In such a society, all the men had access to all women. As a result, the children born were the responsibility of the society at large. This gave rise to group marriages (polygamous marriages) to bring regulations and general order in the society. However, later on the natural instinct of jealousy imbedded in human beings which has been assumed as the reason behind single marriages (monogamous marriages) to restore harmony in a society

Question 19

definitions of marriage

Answer 19

1. Bailey is of the opinion that marriage is a culturally defined relationship between a man and a woman from different families, which regulates sexual intercourse and legitimizes children.
2. Murdock defined that marriage is a universal institution that involves residential cohabitation, economic cooperation and the formation of the nuclear family.
3. William Stephens defined marriage as a socially legitimate sexual union, begun with public pronouncement undertaken with the idea of permanence, assumed with more or less explicit marriage contract which spells out reciprocal economic obligations between spouses and their future children.
4. According to notes and quarries in anthropology 1951, “marriage is a union between a man and woman such that children born to the woman are recognized as legitimate offspring of both the parents

Question 20

rules of marraige

Answer 20

Societies have their own rules and norms related to marriage. Every society has certain rules and norms which deal with whom to marry or with whom not to marry or who is preferred to marry. While selecting one’s mate, one has to follow certain rules and choose the bride/groom within these rules.
Endogamy
Endo means “inside or within” while gamy means to marry. So, endogamy is a rule of marriage which bound an individual to marry inside or within a specified group. The group may class, caste, race, village and tribe etc. For example, the Hindus practice caste endogamy marriages.
Exogamy
Exo means “outside” while gamy means to marry. So, exogamy is a rule of marriage, prohibiting individuals from marrying a member of their own social group or category. Exogamy links people into a wider social network that nurtures, helps, and protects them in times of needs. Exogamy is commonly followed in most societies of the world.

Answer 21

Polygamy is the composite of two words i.e. “poly” means many and “gamy” means to marry. Therefore, a form of marriage in which a person (man or woman) is allowed to marry with more than one at the same time, is known as polygamy. There are two types of polygamy i.e. polygyny and polyandry.
Polygyny
A form of marriage in which a man is allowed to marry with two or more women at the same time, is known as polygyny. Polygyny is more common among the pastoralist and agricultural communities because women do most of the work and mainly contribute in the economic activities. Similarly, polygyny is practiced in those societies where the number of females is greater than that of the males. Moreover, polygynous marriages are preferred to demonstrate a high social status in the society. Polygynous marriages exist in most parts of the world, particularly in Muslim societies.
Polyandry

Question 22

polyandry

Answer 22

A form of marriage in which a woman is allowed to marry with two or more men at the same time, is known as polyandry. If all the husbands are brother then it is called as fraternal polyandry and in case the husbands are not brothers then such type of polyandry is known as non-fraternal polyandry. As compared to polygyny, polyandry is not common rather found in fewer societies of the world. Polyandrous marriages are found in those societies where the number of females is lessor than males, or to keep the property inside the family, or to control population. Moreover, male travel for trade, commerce and military operations also encourage polyandrous marriages. Examples of such marriages are found in some parts of India (Toda and Nayar), China (Moso), Sri Lanka, Nepal and Africa etc

Question 23

types of couzin meriage

Answer 23

Some other types of marriages are;
Parallel Cousin Marriage
When marriage takes place between the children of the siblings of the same sex (brother/brother or sister/sister), is called parallel cousin marriage.
Father’s brother’s children or mother’s sister’s children = Parallel cousins
Cross-cousin Marriage
When marriage takes place between the children of the siblings of the opposite sex (brother/sister or sister/brother), is called cross-cousin marriage.
Father’s sister’s children or mother’s brother’s children = Cross-cousin marriage
Both, parallel cousin and cross-cousin marriages are practiced in Pakistani society. Paternal cousin marriages are mostly preferred, particularly in rural areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Question 24

tyoes og marriages baed desearced
marrieng ded bro is called

Answer 24

levirate
In many societies, cultural norms often force individuals to marry the sibling of the deceased spouse. “Levir” is a Latin word which means husband’s brother. After the death of husband when a woman marries her husband’s brother, is called levirate marriages.

Question 25

maaryung deasead sis is

Answer 25

sororate
Sorror” is a Latin word which means wife’s sister. After the death of wife when a man marries his wife’s sister, is known as sororate marriage. Both, levirate and sororate marriages are practiced in Pashtun societies.