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Geography > Inside The Earth > Flashcards

Inside The Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

Facts about the crust

A

50km deep
Formed when earth cools down
Split into lithosphere and asthenosphere
The lithosphere is split into tectonic plates and move very slowly on a layer called the asthenosphere

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2
Q

Facts about the mantel

A

2900 km deep
Consists of upper and lower mantle
Upper mantle carry the crust and is viscous
Lower mantle is solid

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3
Q

Facts about inner core

A

1200km deep
Mostly solid
Creates a magnetic field

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4
Q

Facts about outer core

A

Liquid
Temperatures vary from 4000c to 5,700c
Made of liquid iron and nickel

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5
Q

Facts about oceanic crust

A

1-3 miles, very thin basalt rock, same rock as I’m the mantle
Basalt rock is chemically different to mantle basalt, this allows the oceanic crust to be less dense than the mantle basalt, so it floats on top
Under the oceans

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6
Q

Facts about continental crust

A

Made of 10-50 miles of thick granite
Low density, so it floats high on the mantle
Floats on the mantle because it is less dense rock than mantle basalt
Thicker but less dense
Forms the land

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7
Q

What is the lithosphere

A

The uppermost layer of the earth. It is cool and brittle. It includes the very top of the mantle and above this is the crust

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8
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

It is part of the earths mantle. It is a hot semi molten layer that lies beneath the tectonic plates

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9
Q

What are tectonic plates

A

The earths surface is Brocken into large pieces and are called plates

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10
Q

What is the evidence that the earths core is metal

A

From meteorites

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11
Q

What is the evidence that the earth is hot

A

Molten lava spewing from active volcanoes

Hot springs and geysers

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12
Q

What is geothermal and how is it produced

A

Geothermal Is the heat from inside the earth and is produced by radioactive decay and raises the core by 5000 degrees

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13
Q

What is radioactive decay

A

Some element are naturally unstable and radioactive such as uranium and thorium. Atoms of these elements release particles from their nuclei and give off heat

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14
Q

What is wegeners theory

A

That the earths continents were once joined together but gradually moved apart over millions of years. Mountains were formed when the edge of a drifting continent collided with another causing it to crumble and fold.

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15
Q

Wegeners evidence for continental drift

A

The same types of fossilised animals and plants are found in South America and Africa
The shape of the east coast of South America fits the west coast of africa like a puzzle
Matching rock formations and mountain chains are found in South America and Africa

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16
Q

What is continental drift

A

250 million years ago the land masses of earth were clustered into one super continent called Pangea. As millions of years passed Pangea broke apart and large prices of land slowly moved away to form continents

17
Q

What is the mesosaurus

A

A small freshwater reptile that is not able to swim long distances in salt water. Fossils were found in Southern Africa and South America

18
Q

Stages of continental drift

A

220 m- one supercontinent called Pangea
200 m- 2 large continents
135 m- when dinosaurs ruled the earth
65 m - dinosaurs become exist

19
Q

How does the continental jigsaw link to continental drift

A

Researchers found that continents fit together like a jigsaw. Rock layers in mountain ranges match perfectly when the coastline of countries match up

20
Q

How does the mesosaurus link to continental drift

A

Fossils were found in South America and Africa also they couldn’t swim in long distances so it shows that the continents were connected

21
Q

How does coal link to continental drift

A

Because coal is found in wales which is cold, however coal needs to from in warm climates so The continents must of been connected

22
Q

Information about divergent plate boundaries

A

Between oceanic and oceanic crust
The plates move apart from each other
Earthquakes are gentle, volcanoes are less violent than destructive

23
Q

Info about convergent plate boundaries

A

Forms between oceanic and continental crust.
Moving towards each other and oceanic is forced underneath
Example is the Andes
Both volcanoes and earthquakes

24
Q

Info about collision plate boundaries

A

Forms between 2 continental plates
The 2 plates collide
Himalayas
Big earthquakes and no volcanoes

25
Q

Info about conservative plate boundaries

A

2 continental plates
The plates move along side each other
Only earthquakes and no volcanoes

26
Q

What is a hot spot

A

A place in the centre of a plate where magma rises. This causes the lithosphere to melt and magma pushes through the crust to form volcanoes

27
Q

Properties of a shield volcanoes

A

Broad or wide peak
On divergent plate boundary
Release runny lava that isn’t viscous
VEI: 1/2

28
Q

Properties of composite volcanoes

A

Convergent plate boundary
Steep slopes
Releases viscous lava
VEI:6

29
Q

Volcanic explosively index and example and volume of erupted lava

A 
1-small-0.00001 km3- mono inyo craters 
2-moderate-0.001 km3- mono inyo craters 
3-moderate-0.01 km3 - mono inyo craters
4-large-0.1 km3- mount st Helens 
5-very large- 1 km3 - pinatubo, 1991
6- very large- 10km3 - tamboura, 1815
7- very large- 100km3 - Yellowstone caldera 600,000 years ago
30
Q

How can you reduce the effects of a tsunami

A

Avoid building sites or infrastructure to avoid being hit with loose bricks
Make a tsunami emergency kit
Move away from beaches and always save yourself first and not possessions

31
Q

What is DART and how does it work

A

The deep ocean assessment and reporting of tsunamis

(1) sensor measures pressure and sends data up to surface buoy
(2) surface buoy also detects changes in sea level and motion
(3) data transmitted via satellite to centre for tsunami risk assessment

32
Q

What happened in Haiti and what caused earthquake

A

Molten magma circulated deep beneath the surface of the earth, the currents try to move to the two plates causing them to rub together and cause and earthquake . 12 January 2010 at 16:53 it measure 7 on richter scale

33
Q

What are primary and secondary effects

A

Primary : occurred as a direct result of the earthquake

Secondary : occurred as a result of the primary effects

34
Q

Primary effects of Haiti earthquake

A

300,000 people injured, 250,000 dwellings destroyed or badly damaged, international airport unusable, 230,000 dead, no telephone system, no internet or mobile phone signal, electricity supplies damaged, major public confusion, hospitals destroyed, main prison destroyed so 4,000 inmates escaped, key governments buildings destroyed, roads blocked,

35
Q

Secondary effects of Haiti earthquake

A

Cholera outbreak. Heat and humidity started to decay corpses leading to disease, people sleeping in streets, mass graves dug, 500,000 people still living rough when rainy season began in march, 1 in 5 jobs lost, international migration info Dominican Republic, 3,000 temporary tent school set up, relied on international aids for recovery

36
Q

Why did someone many people die in Haiti

A

Poor construction
Didn’t have high building regulations
Epicentre was near to the capital and capital was densely populated
Poor country so had few resources to rescue or treat injured people

37
Q

Why did the Japan earthquake happen and when

A

The pacific plate is sub ducting beneath the overriding Eurasian plate. This pushes the upper plate down until the build up of stress cause a seismic slip-rupture event. The break caused the sea floor to rise causing the tsunami to race inland towards the eastern coast of Japan. March 11 2011

38
Q

What happen at the Japan earthquake

A

9 on Richter scale, 80 miles offshore and 15.2 miles underwater in the Japan trench. The crust ruptured . Japan sits in the ring of fire, and arc that stretches along the basin of the Pacific Ocean and is home to 90% of the world earthquakes and 75< of the worlds volcanoes

39
Q

Info about the tsunami

A

In 30 minutes a wall of water up to 40m high hit the coast of Japan. 9 additional waves up to 10m in height. 3000km of coastline was affected. The tsunami flooded 561 squares Kms

Geography (1 decks)

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