Inside The Cell

Question 0

Cell theory

Answer 0

All organisms are composed of cells. All cells come from only preexisting cells. All cells have a plasma membrane:that encloses cytoplasm and genetic material.

Question 1

Why are cells so small?

Answer 1

Need surface areas large enough to entry and exit of materials. More surface area for exchange

Question 2

Two main types of cells

Answer 2

Prokaryotic-lack memebrane-bounded nucleus

Eukaryotic cells-have nucleus housing DNA

Question 3

Describe prokaryotic cells

Answer 3

Bacteria and archaea. Smaller simpler in structure. Reproduces fast.

Question 4

Bacteria cell structure

Answer 4

Cytoplasm surrounded by plasma membrane and cell wall. Sometime there is a capsule that acts as a protective layer. Cell wall maintains shape. DNA is located in the nucleiod. Ribosomes- the site of protein synthesis. Appendages-flagella:propulsion -fimbriae: attachment to surfaces- conjugation pili : DNA transfer

Question 5

Plasma membrane

Answer 5

Marks boundary between and outside and inside cell. Regulates passage in and out of a cell there is a phospholipid bilateral with embedded proteins.

Question 6

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 6

Protista fungi plants and animals having a membrane-bound nucleus housing DNA much larger than prokaryotic cells compartmentalize and containes organelles

Question 7

What are the 4 types of organelles found in eukaryotic

Answer 7

Nucleus and ribosomes
Endo membrane system
Energy related
Cytoskeleton

Question 8

Nucleus and ribosomes

Answer 8

Nucleus stores genetic information,
Chromatin diffuse DNA protein some RNA. DNA organized into genes which specify a polypeptide. Nucleolus region where ribosomal RNA is made
Nuclear envelope- double membrane *nuclear pores permit passage in and out

Question 9

Ribosomes

Answer 9

Carrier proteins synthesis in cytoplasm
Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Composed of two subunits mix of proteins ribosomal RNA. Receive mRNA as instructions sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
In eukaryotic -some ribosomes free and cytoplasm
Many attached to endoplasmic reticulum

Question 10

Endo membrane system

Answer 10

Consist of nuclear envelope membranes of endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus and vesicles.
-helps compartmentalize cell —helps restrict certain reactions to specific regions
Transport vesicles carry molecules from one part of the system to another

Question 11

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

Complicated system of membrane yes channels and succules
Physically continuous with outher membrane of a nuclear membrane.
Rough ER studded with ribosomes modifies proteins of lumen forms transport vesicles going to golgi apparatus
Smooth ER continuous with the rough ER no ribosomes function depends on cell produces testosterone detoxifies drugs

Question 12

Golgi apparatus

Answer 12

Stack of flattened saccules
 transfer station 
receives vesicles from ER 
modifies molecules 
 and re-packages for new destination

Question 13

Lysosomes

Answer 13

Vesicles that digest molecules or portions of the cell

digestive enzymes

Question 14

Vacuoles

Answer 14

Membrane sacs 
larger than vesicles 
rid a cell of excess water 
digestion 
storage 
plant pigments 
animal adipocytes

Question 15

Energy related organelles

Answer 15

Chloroplast use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates only in plants
three membrane system
double membrane enclosing stroma

Question 16

Endosymbiosis

Answer 16

Origins of chloroplast Corp.

Have their own DNA and ribosomes

Question 17

Mitochondria

Answer 17

Break down carbohydrates to produce ATP found in both plants and animals usually only visible under electron microscope

Question 18

Cellular respiration

Answer 18

Needs oxygen produces carbon dioxide

Question 19

Cytoskeleton

Answer 19

Network of interconnected protein filaments and Tubules
extends from the nucleus to the plasma membrane
only in eukaryotes
maintain cell shape
with motor proteins . Allows cell and organelles to move

Question 20

Micro tubules

Answer 20

Small hollow cylinders assembly controlled by centrosome help maintain cell shape and act as trackways

Question 21

Intermediate filaments

Answer 21

Intermediate in size ropelike assembly run from nuclear envelope to plasma membrane