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Philosophy Free Will > INR first exam 2-6 > Flashcards

INR first exam 2-6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Dr. Souva’s 4 key principles of international relations

A
  1. Retaining political office is the primary interest of leaders
  2. Institutions influence behavior
  3. relative (military) power significantly influenced behavior
  4. Cognitive biases are common
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2
Q

What is politics?

A

Joint decision making about the rules that will govern our lives together. The pursuit of power for your interests and to impose your interests

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3
Q

Why do we have politics

A

There is a diversity of interests

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4
Q

What are institutions and how do they affect behavior? example?

A

Institutions are rules, laws, and norms that affect behavior through incentives and constraints. speed limits are a type of institution that have a constraint on the speed of cars driving on the road and implements a punishment in the form of a ticket if people disobey them

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5
Q

What is a state?

A

A state is a central authority that has the ability to make and enforce laws and decisions

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6
Q

What does Tilly say about the State

A

States made war and war made states

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

What does it mean to say actors are purposive

A

actors are purposieve because they develop strategies that they believe are the best response to the anticipated or expected strategies of other. these are choices the individuals think will help them achieve their goals, it does not garuntee that they will actually achieve their goals

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9
Q

Which countries claim the Spratley Islands? Why should we care?

A

China, the Philipines, and Vietnam. This territorial dispute is important to watch because territorial disputes are the most likely to escalate to war

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10
Q

What is Nash equilibrium ?

A

The Nash equilibrium is a choice, a strategy profile is a Nash equilibrium if no player can do better by unilaterally changing his or her strategy.

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11
Q

Describe the players dilemma

A
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12
Q

Describe Chicken

A
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13
Q

Describe the stag game

A
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14
Q

How does interaction affect one’s choices

A

Choices depend on what you anticipate other actors future actions to be. how you perceive others to behave influences what you choose to do

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15
Q

what is cooperation?

A

Cooperation: when two or more actors adopt or choose policies that make the better off than they were before, or an alternate choice

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16
Q

What is bargaining ?

A

An interaction in which two or more actors must decide how to distribute something of value

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17
Q

How does cooperation differ from bargaining ?

A

In cooperation, both actors are better off than the status quo whereas when actors bargain, it is a zero sum game in that increasing actors share of a good decreases the share pf the good to other actors

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18
Q

What are the 3 common types of cooperation problems

A

coordination
collaboration
collective action problem

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19
Q

What is a collaboration problem? what 2x2 game illustrates this ?

A

Why should actors have any reason to trust that the other will not default? the prisoners dilemma.

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of private goods?

A

Excludable and rival

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of club goods?

A

excudable and non rival

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22
Q

what are the characteristics of common pool resources

A

non-excludable and rival

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23
Q

what are the characteristic of public goods

A

Non excludable and non rival

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24
Q

political problems most often occur over what type of goods?

A

Public goods

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25
Q

What are the 5 factors that affect collective action?

A

group size
iteration
linkage
information
selective incentives

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26
Q

what type of cooperation problems have the members of NATO faced regarding defense spending

A

collective action

27
Q

What is power?

A

the ability of actor A to get actor B to do something that B would otherwise not do

28
Q

What is BATNA

A

Better Alternative To a Negotiation Agreement

29
Q

What is the relationship between an outside option and power?

A

P=F(outside options)

30
Q

given that cooperation improves outcomes, why is it often difficult to reach an agreement ?

A

although both actors will be better off by cooperating, one may be better off than the other. deciding where to land on the Pareto frontier is difficult because they both want the better end of the deal

31
Q

How might institutions address cooperation problems

A

Institutions can provide mechanisms for resolving disputes, determine in advance how to settle disputes, resolve ambiguity, use courts, and have legitimacy.

32
Q

Are institutions neutral: example:

A

No. The founding members of NATO made themselves part of the security council where they are the only ones with the ability to veto

33
Q

what is the trend in warfare overtime?

A

decrease in warfare

34
Q

What are the three general types of issues states fight over?

A

territory
policy
regime type

35
Q

Which issue is most likely to escalate to war?

A

Territory

36
Q

Why is anarchy an incomplete explanation for war

A

Anarchy has always been a constant in world history. War however, has ebbed and flowed and therefore there is another variable that is responsible for the changes in war.

37
Q

Why are conflicts of interest an incomplete explanation for war?

A

Countries have conflicts of interest all the time but they do not always lead to war

38
Q

What do FLS compare to war?

A

a bargaining failure

39
Q

Why is there a bargaining range

A

the cost of war creates a bargaining range. as long as war is costly then there is room to bargain to avoid war

40
Q

what are the three reason for bargaining failure

A

incomplete information
credible commitment problem
indivisible goods

41
Q

About what is there incomplete information that may lead to bargaining failure?

A

Resolve
chances of victory

42
Q

why does communication sometimes fail to reduce uncertainty

A

there is an incentive to misrepresent. why should one state believe anything the other says? talk is cheap

43
Q

what type of communication is bet at reducing uncertainty

A

costly signals

44
Q

what are costly signal and on whome is the cost imposed?

A

Costly signals are a type of communication which impose a cost on the sender to show their resolve

45
Q

What is brinkmanship

A

slowly raising the probability that both actors will suffer extremely bad costs. the Cuban missile crisis

46
Q

What is an example of a tying hands signal

A

Making public promises and statements

47
Q

what is an example of a sunk cost/paying for power costly signal ?

A

Sending troop overseas to another country

48
Q

What is another name for the information/uncertainty problem

A

Chicken

49
Q

What is another name for a credible commitment problem?

A

Prisoners dilemma

50
Q

hat are there causes of a credible commitment problem? + 2 additional causes

A

anticipated change in economic growth or military power
first strike advantage
an expected change in domestic factions and power
cost of preserving status quo
time inconsistency

51
Q

Why are issues (almost) always divisible?

A

there can always be monetary compensation for a good or actors can share control of the good.

52
Q

What are some general strategies for making war less likely

A

Sending costly signals
this party enforcement to enforce terms of a deal
increase costs of war

53
Q

What does it mean if Actor A’s perspective on the bargaining range and Actor B’s perspective do not overlap?

A

War is destined to happen

54
Q

How do hawkish or narrow political interests affect the bargaining range> what does the bargaining model say about whether hawkish interest cause war?

A

They expand the scope of the states ambitions and increase the condition under which the state would consider fighting war. this would narrow the bargaining range. Hawkish interests do not lead directly to the breakdown of bargaining but increase the opportunities for war to occur.

55
Q

Whose interests count in matters of war and peace?

A

Actors with more or direct influence on the decision making process

56
Q

Why do leaders pay more attention to their ruling coalition?

A

they need to be responsive and accountable to their voters if they want to keep them as supporters and therefore increase their chances of remaining in power.

57
Q

which regime type places more emphasis on public goods? Private goods?

A

Democracies place more emphasis on public goofs because they are more accountable to their citizens and must provide them the goods they are paying for (taxes) if they want to remain in power. Autocracies place more emphasis on private goods because these are provided for by the few major actors who affect if they remain in power

58
Q

What Is the rally around the flag effect?

A

peoples tendencies to become more supportive of their countries governed when it experiences dramatic international events such as war.

59
Q

what is the gamble for resurrection argument as it pertains to International conflict? Example?

A

gambling for ressurecction means that actors take a risky action when the alternative is certain to be bad. They do this to win or improve public approval. One example is Argentina waging a war on Britain to take the Falkland islands. Britain who was already loosening their grip on the stands anyways still decided to wage war in order for the prime minister to gain more support

60
Q

why might we think states fight wars to satisfy the military?

A

wars lead to bigger biggest for the military, military leaders are more willing to focus on force than diplomats in negotiations, combat experience also held soldiers get promoted.

61
Q

how do special interest groups influence collective action?

A

interest groups have a better time at cooperating and avoiding free riding because they are smaller groups and are also highly motivated and informed which allows them to better organize

62
Q

what is the democratic peace ?

A

the idea that pairs of democracies are less likely to wage war against each other compared to any other regime pair

63
Q

What is noteworthy about the Kargil war?

A

Philosophy Free Will (3 decks)

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