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Inq final Flashcards

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1
Q

Three-stage Model of Memory

A

Sensory Memory - stores incoming information in detail but only for an instant
Short-term memory - can hold informatio nfor approximately twenty seconds
Long-term memory - infinity capacity, can stay with rehearsal

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2
Q

Working Memory

A

Modern version of short-term memory, informatio nis kept in working while people process or examine it

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3
Q

Implicit Memory

A

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned

associations independent of conscious recollection.

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4
Q

Explicit Memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that one can

consciously know and “declare.”

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5
Q

Brain regions that process working memory

A

Frontal cortex, parietal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, parts of the basal ganglia

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6
Q

Brain regions that process implicit memory

A

Various strucutures, depending on the type of knowledge

riding a bike invovles the cerebellum, for example

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7
Q

Brain regions that process explicit memory

A

Temporal/Hippocampus and frontal lobes,

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8
Q

Semantic Networks

A

A directed or undirected graph consisting of vertices, which represent concepts, and edges, which represent semantic relationships between concepts

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9
Q

DRM Paradigm

A

A procedure in cognitive psychology use to study false memory in humans

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10
Q

What is the case study of H.M.?

A

A patient having epileptic seizures had had parts of his hippocampus and amygdala removed, and from that point on he was unable to form new memories

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11
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Unable to speak fluently but can comprehend things perfectly

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12
Q

Who is Daniel Tammet and what does he have

A

A man with synthesia who can remember any amount of numbers as they are visualized pictographically in his memory

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13
Q

Hermann Ebbignhaus

A

Discovered the forgetting curve and the spacing effect

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14
Q

Retention curve

A

We are able to remember lists of about seven items

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15
Q

Testing effect

A

repeated quizzing of previously studied material also helps recall “active repetition

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16
Q

Spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

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17
Q

Massed practice vs distributed practice

A

Basically worse vs better, also short term vs long term

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18
Q

Ways to enhance memory encoding and retrieval

A

Sleep, distribute, etc.

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19
Q

Evidence for Spearman’s g-factor?

A

People who score well on certain things also tend to score well on other things, evidencing the possibilty for a general intelligence

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20
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Facts collected over time

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21
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

tThings like reaction time and quick thinking

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22
Q

WAIS

A

Wechsler ADult Intelligence Scale, IQ test designed to measure intellignce and cognitive ability in adults

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23
Q

Three stages of Seyle’s General Adaption Syndrome

Study These Flashcards
A

Alarm stage - burst of energy
Resistance Stage - body attempts to adapt to the stessor
Exhastion stage - energy is depleted

24
Q

Coping strategies for stress

25
Acute stress
A response to a terrifying or traumatic event
26
Chronic stress
Stress recurring over time for constant reasons
27
HPA axis
A cokplex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three endocrine glands: the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands
28
What hormone is associated with HPA activity?
Adrenocorticotropic
29
How does chronic stress affect the immune system and cardiovasular health
It takes a dump in its mouth
30
Are Type A individuals more susceptible to stress?
Yes, due to perfectionism and other traits
31
Relationship between chronic stress and social status
Those who are not in power tend to be more stressed
32
Results of the Dutch Hunger Winter Study
Those who faced poverty during the famine were more susceptible to stress and obesity in the future
33
What are Carl Roger's conditions for positive personal growth
``` Open to experience Existential living Trust feelings Creativity Fulfilled life ```
34
Does money buy happiness
Studies show that it definitely can, while others do not
35
What is the hedonic treadmill
The observed tendency of humans to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness despite major positive or negative events or life changes
36
Long-term happiness set-point
The general level of one's happiness that one always returns to
37
Explain cognitive framing
Words and thoughts are defined relative to narrative frames and conceptual metaphors. These are patterened into our nervous system as a result of experience.
38
DSM5
A collection of conditions/symptoms for psychological disorders
39
Comorbidity
The simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient
40
Criteria for Generalized anxiety disorder
``` For over six months, constantly, at least 3: Edginess or restlessness. Tiring easily Impaired concentration Irritability Increased muscle aches or soreness. Difficulty sleeping ```
41
Criteria for Obsessive compulsive disorder
Recurrent thoughts/impulses Attempts to repress such thoughts Repetetive behaviors aimed at preventing anxiety and stress
42
Criteria for PTSD
History of exposure to traumatic events and symptoms from the following clusters: intrusion, avoidance, negative mood, alterations in arousal
43
automatic appraisal
Emotions are extracted from our evaluations of events that cause specific reactions in different people.
44
Criteria for bipolar disorder
Mania and depressive symptms, in one of the following episodes: Major Depressive Episode, Manic Episode, Mixed Episode, and Hypomanic Episode
45
Criteria for Schizophrenia
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms
46
What percent of exonerations for serious crimes involve erroneous eyewitness identification
80%
47
How does the fundamental attribution error help explain jurors perceptions of eyewitness testimony
the fundamental attribution error, also known as the correspondence bias or attribution effect, is the tendency for people to place an undue emphasis on internal characteristics of the agent (character or intention), rather than external factors, in explaining another person's behavior in a given situation.
48
Unconscious transferrence
a memory error that occurs when an eyewitness to a crime misidentifies a familiar but innocent person from a police lineup
49
Relationship between stress and eyewitness memory accuracy
Under stress, people may be pushed to make decisions that are incorrect or that they would not normally make
50
Weapon focus effect
Weapon focus signifies a witness to a crime diverting his or her attention to the weapon the perpetrator is holding, thus leaving less attention for other details in the scene and leading to memory impairments later for those other details.
51
Other race effect
The tendency for people to generalize the appearances of members of other races or have difficulty in distinguishing between members of other races.
52
Misinformation effect
the impairment in memory for the past that arises after exposure to misleading information.
53
Elizabeth Loftus Study
Students were presented with a film of a car crash. Afterwards, they were asked to describe the crash or provide facts. Depending on the wording of the question, different students remembered facts differently.
54
Simultaneous lineup/problems with it
In simultaneous lineups, witnesses must use "relative judgment" to compare lineup photographs or members to each other. This causes people to possibly use information that is drawn from schemas or imagination.
55
What do we know about children as eyewitnesses
Children may be valid eyewitnesses so long as proper protocol is taken to overcome their extreme suggestibility.

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