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SP > Inq final > Flashcards

Inq final Flashcards

1
Q

Three-stage Model of Memory

A

Sensory Memory - stores incoming information in detail but only for an instant
Short-term memory - can hold informatio nfor approximately twenty seconds
Long-term memory - infinity capacity, can stay with rehearsal

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2
Q

Working Memory

A

Modern version of short-term memory, informatio nis kept in working while people process or examine it

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3
Q

Implicit Memory

A

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned

associations independent of conscious recollection.

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4
Q

Explicit Memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that one can

consciously know and “declare.”

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5
Q

Brain regions that process working memory

A

Frontal cortex, parietal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, parts of the basal ganglia

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6
Q

Brain regions that process implicit memory

A

Various strucutures, depending on the type of knowledge

riding a bike invovles the cerebellum, for example

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7
Q

Brain regions that process explicit memory

A

Temporal/Hippocampus and frontal lobes,

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8
Q

Semantic Networks

A

A directed or undirected graph consisting of vertices, which represent concepts, and edges, which represent semantic relationships between concepts

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9
Q

DRM Paradigm

A

A procedure in cognitive psychology use to study false memory in humans

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10
Q

What is the case study of H.M.?

A

A patient having epileptic seizures had had parts of his hippocampus and amygdala removed, and from that point on he was unable to form new memories

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11
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Unable to speak fluently but can comprehend things perfectly

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12
Q

Who is Daniel Tammet and what does he have

A

A man with synthesia who can remember any amount of numbers as they are visualized pictographically in his memory

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13
Q

Hermann Ebbignhaus

A

Discovered the forgetting curve and the spacing effect

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14
Q

Retention curve

A

We are able to remember lists of about seven items

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15
Q

Testing effect

A

repeated quizzing of previously studied material also helps recall “active repetition

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16
Q

Spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

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17
Q

Massed practice vs distributed practice

A

Basically worse vs better, also short term vs long term

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18
Q

Ways to enhance memory encoding and retrieval

A

Sleep, distribute, etc.

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19
Q

Evidence for Spearman’s g-factor?

A

People who score well on certain things also tend to score well on other things, evidencing the possibilty for a general intelligence

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20
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Facts collected over time

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21
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

tThings like reaction time and quick thinking

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22
Q

WAIS

A

Wechsler ADult Intelligence Scale, IQ test designed to measure intellignce and cognitive ability in adults

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23
Q

Three stages of Seyle’s General Adaption Syndrome

A

Alarm stage - burst of energy
Resistance Stage - body attempts to adapt to the stessor
Exhastion stage - energy is depleted

24
Q

Coping strategies for stress

A

Sleep, blah

25
Q

Acute stress

A

A response to a terrifying or traumatic event

26
Q

Chronic stress

A

Stress recurring over time for constant reasons

27
Q

HPA axis

A

A cokplex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three endocrine glands: the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands

28
Q

What hormone is associated with HPA activity?

A

Adrenocorticotropic

29
Q

How does chronic stress affect the immune system and cardiovasular health

A

It takes a dump in its mouth

30
Q

Are Type A individuals more susceptible to stress?

A

Yes, due to perfectionism and other traits

31
Q

Relationship between chronic stress and social status

A

Those who are not in power tend to be more stressed

32
Q

Results of the Dutch Hunger Winter Study

A

Those who faced poverty during the famine were more susceptible to stress and obesity in the future

33
Q

What are Carl Roger’s conditions for positive personal growth

A 
Open to experience
Existential living
Trust feelings
Creativity
Fulfilled life
34
Q

Does money buy happiness

A

Studies show that it definitely can, while others do not

35
Q

What is the hedonic treadmill

A

The observed tendency of humans to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness despite major positive or negative events or life changes

36
Q

Long-term happiness set-point

A

The general level of one’s happiness that one always returns to

37
Q

Explain cognitive framing

A

Words and thoughts are defined relative to narrative frames and conceptual metaphors. These are patterened into our nervous system as a result of experience.

38
Q

DSM5

A

A collection of conditions/symptoms for psychological disorders

39
Q

Comorbidity

A

The simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient

40
Q

Criteria for Generalized anxiety disorder

A 
For over six months, constantly, at least 3: 
Edginess or restlessness.
Tiring easily
Impaired concentration 
Irritability
Increased muscle aches or soreness.
Difficulty sleeping
41
Q

Criteria for Obsessive compulsive disorder

A

Recurrent thoughts/impulses
Attempts to repress such thoughts
Repetetive behaviors aimed at preventing anxiety and stress

42
Q

Criteria for PTSD

A

History of exposure to traumatic events and symptoms from the following clusters: intrusion, avoidance, negative mood, alterations in arousal

43
Q

automatic appraisal

A

Emotions are extracted from our evaluations of events that cause specific reactions in different people.

44
Q

Criteria for bipolar disorder

A

Mania and depressive symptms, in one of the following episodes: Major Depressive Episode, Manic Episode, Mixed Episode, and Hypomanic Episode

45
Q

Criteria for Schizophrenia

A

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms

46
Q

What percent of exonerations for serious crimes involve erroneous eyewitness identification

A

80%

47
Q

How does the fundamental attribution error help explain jurors perceptions of eyewitness testimony

A

the fundamental attribution error, also known as the correspondence bias or attribution effect, is the tendency for people to place an undue emphasis on internal characteristics of the agent (character or intention), rather than external factors, in explaining another person’s behavior in a given situation.

48
Q

Unconscious transferrence

A

a memory error that occurs when an eyewitness to a crime misidentifies a familiar but innocent person from a police lineup

49
Q

Relationship between stress and eyewitness memory accuracy

A

Under stress, people may be pushed to make decisions that are incorrect or that they would not normally make

50
Q

Weapon focus effect

A

Weapon focus signifies a witness to a crime diverting his or her attention to the weapon the perpetrator is holding, thus leaving less attention for other details in the scene and leading to memory impairments later for those other details.

51
Q

Other race effect

A

The tendency for people to generalize the appearances of members of other races or have difficulty in distinguishing between members of other races.

52
Q

Misinformation effect

A

the impairment in memory for the past that arises after exposure to misleading information.

53
Q

Elizabeth Loftus Study

A

Students were presented with a film of a car crash. Afterwards, they were asked to describe the crash or provide facts. Depending on the wording of the question, different students remembered facts differently.

54
Q

Simultaneous lineup/problems with it

A

In simultaneous lineups, witnesses must use “relative judgment” to compare lineup photographs or members to each other. This causes people to possibly use information that is drawn from schemas or imagination.

55
Q

What do we know about children as eyewitnesses

A

Children may be valid eyewitnesses so long as proper protocol is taken to overcome their extreme suggestibility.

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