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Core 8 > Inorganic and Nanomaterials > Flashcards

Inorganic and Nanomaterials Flashcards

1
Q

Long Range Order

A

crystalline

continuum of order

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2
Q

Short Range Order

A

amorphous

continuum of order

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3
Q

ReO3

A

vertex sharing octahedral

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4
Q

TiO2

A

rutile
anatase
brockite

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5
Q

Carbon Allotropes

A

graphite
diamond
fullerene

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6
Q

Defects

A

0 K perfect crystallinity
thermodynamics drive defect formation
requires input of energy
increased entropy

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7
Q

Intrinsic Defects

A

Schottky - vacancies present
Frenkel- displacement of an ion moving between
n(s/f) = Nexp(-deltaH(s/f) / 2kT)

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8
Q

Extrinsic Defects

A

introducing ions
doping
electron donating atom e.g. K+
electron can be a suited into conduction band

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9
Q

Non-Stoichiometry

A

defects and doping
TiO same as NaCl Rock salt
TiOx 0.7 1 titanium vacancies

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10
Q

Solid Solution Non-Stoichiometry

A

substitutional - new atom replaces existing

interstitial - atom added

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11
Q

Long Range Ion Movement

Li Ion Batteries

A

C6 + LiMn2O4 —> LixC6 + Li1-xMn2O4
2 x electrodes 1 x electrolyte
layers, channels, pores provide holes for Li+
intercalation xLi + C6 –> LixC6
deintercalation LiCoO2 –> xLi+ + e- + LixCoO2
0

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12
Q

Ecell

A 
Ecell = Eanode - Ecathode
W = V x A
Ah = A x h 
E = W x h
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13
Q

Localised Ion Movement

A

radio, radar, sonar, ultrasound
ion in asymmetric site
local dipole movement

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14
Q

Ferroelectrics

A

apply electric field to displace an ion
high dielectric strength: not break down at high voltage
low dielectric loss: not lose electrical energy as heat
stored charge can be measured in parallel plate
Q = CV
Er = Cdielectric/Cvacuum

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15
Q

BaTiO3 Perovskite

A

> 120C Ti in symmetrical Oh
thermal motion generates sufficient chemical pressure to stabilise cubic structure
5-120C Ti displaced resulting in polarisation
motion reduced, structure distorts

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16
Q

Piezoelectrics

A

polarise under action of mechanical stress - pressure
tetrahedral groups
alternating electri. field causes vibrations

17
Q

Pyroelectrics

A

polarisation which is temperature dependent
thermal expansion/contraction of lattice
changes the size of the dipoles

18
Q

Paramagnetism

A

unpaired electrons
magnetic dipoles do not interact
temperature decreases, dipoles align parallel with the field

19
Q

Antiferromagnetism

A

no applied field needed to align dipoles
spins anti-parallel
Tn Neel: antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition

20
Q

Ferromagnetism

A

cooperative magnetism where applied field not needed to align spins
spins parallel
Tc Curie: ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition

21
Q

Ferrimagnetism

A

cooperative magnetism where applied field not needed to align spins
spins anti-parallel with partial cancellation

22
Q

Superexchange

A

interaction of metal ions mediated by anions

overlap atomic orbitals

23
Q

Leading to Antiferromagnetism

A

metal monoxides
Rock salt structure
Oh sites
2 x eg each containing unpaired electrons

24
Q

Leading to Ferrimagnetism

A 
2 sublattices, 1 with greater magnetic moment than the other 
electrically insulating 
2 metal sites 
spinel: [A2+]tet[B3+]oct
inverse spinel: [B3+]tet[A2+,B3+]oct
M3+ prefers octahedral 
small cation prefers tetrahedral
25
Q

Domains

A

not all Fe magnetic at room temperature
apply a magnet next to it - magnetises
below Tc temperature
antiparallel–flux generated– magnetic

26
Q

Demagnetised

A

cohesive field

27
Q

Superconductivity

A

zero electrical resistance
Meissner: external. angelic field ejected
large magnetic field generated
support large currents without resistive heating

28
Q

Cup rates

A

high Tc
CuO2 planar layers separated by charge
reservoir layers control Cu oxidation states

29
Q

Borises

A

MgB2
B in interstites of Mg
hexagonal layers

30
Q

Fullerides

A

intercalation of metals into C60 lattice
electron transfer to C60
electrons move through layers

31
Q

Cooper Pair

A

mutual attraction of electrons
attraction of electron to lattice ion
lattice distorts slightly
second electron attracted by ion displacement electron-phonon coupling

32
Q

Wet Chemical Method

A

prepare soluble nanoparticles
prevent aggregation causing precipitation
coat surface
bulky ligands, fatty acids, amines, thiols
size and shape can be controlled

33
Q

X-Ray Diffraction

A

single crystal m des
width of peak increases with size
t = ky/ Bcos@

34
Q

Semiconductor

A

conduction band
photon absorbed
exciton generated
relaxation leads to luminescence

Core 8 (6 decks)

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