INORG Flashcards
What is the most abundant nonmetal element on Earth?
Oxygen (O₂).
What is the most abundant noble gas in the atmosphere?
Argon (Ar).
Which intracellular and extracellular ions are the most abundant primary cations?
Intracellular: Potassium (K⁺); Extracellular: Sodium (Na⁺).
What is the primary physiological buffer system?
The bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) buffer system.
Which vitamin enhances iron absorption?
Vitamin C.
Which storage container color is associated with oxygen gas (O₂)?
Green cylinder.
What is the antidote for silver toxicity (argyria)?
Sodium chloride (NaCl).
What is the treatment for hyperkalemia?
Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate®).
What is Wilson’s Disease, and what is its antidote?
Wilson’s Disease is a copper toxicity condition causing bronze-colored skin. The antidote is Penicillamine (Cuprimine®).
What is the condition caused by excess fluoride and its antidote?
Dental and skeletal fluorosis; Antidote: Calcium gluconate.
Which acid is known as ‘oil of vitriol’?
Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).
What is the term for water that contains dissolved calcium and magnesium bicarbonates?
Temporary hard water.
What are the uses of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)?
Baking soda, systemic antacid, drug of choice for metabolic acidosis, and a component in Gaviscon.
What are the side effects of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) as an antacid?
It can cause rebound hyperacidity and constipation.
Which compound is known as ‘milk of magnesia,’ and what is its use?
Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂); it is used as an antacid and laxative.
What is the active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol?
Bismuth subsalicylate.
Name a radioactive isotope used for thyroid scanning.
Technetium-99m pertechnetate (Tc⁹⁹m).
What is the most effective antidote for cyanide poisoning?
A combination of Amyl nitrite, Sodium nitrite, and Sodium thiosulfate.
What is the treatment for respiratory alkalosis?
Respiratory acidosis via hypoventilation.
Which glass type is highly resistant and used for parenteral solutions?
Type 1 Borosilicate glass.
What is the antidote for lead (Pb) poisoning?
Calcium EDTA (Ca versenate).
What is the use of calcium sulfate (CaSO₄ • 1/2 H2O) in the medical field?
It is used to make Plaster of Paris for surgical casts.
Which ion is primarily responsible for intracellular fluid buffering?
Phosphate ion (HPO₄²⁻).
What condition is caused by excess arsenic exposure, and what is its antidote?
Arsenicosis; Antidote: BAL (Dimercaprol).
What is the most abundant gas in the air?
Nitrogen (N₂).
What is the least abundant noble gas?
Xenon (Xe).
Which gas is stored in a blue cylinder?
Nitrous oxide (N₂O) or Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂).
What is the condition caused by chronic exposure to mercury and its antidote?
Minamata disease; Antidote: DMSA (Dimercaptosuccinic acid).
What is the medical use of calcium chloride (CaCl₂)?
It is used as a systemic and urinary acidifier and for calcium replenishment in hypocalcemia.
What are the side effects of aluminum as an antacid?
Constipation and phosphate deficiency.
What is the toxicity associated with zinc oxide (ZnO) fumes, and how is it treated?
Metal fume fever; Antidote: Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃).
What is the treatment for metabolic alkalosis?
Calcium chloride (CaCl₂).
What is “plumbism,” and what is its manifestation?
Lead poisoning; Manifestations include wrist or foot drop.
What is the main use of barium sulfate (BaSO₄)?
It is used as a radiopaque agent for gastrointestinal imaging.
What is the toxic effect of selenium, and how is it typically encountered?
Contact dermatitis; often encountered in trace element supplements or certain plants.
What is the use of sodium borate (Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O)?
It is used as an alkalinizing agent, eyewash, and water softener.
What is the antidote for cyanide poisoning that works by converting cyanide to thiocyanate?
Sodium thiosulfate.
Which antacid also has a protective coating property in the stomach?
Magnesium trisilicate.
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 3 glass in pharmaceutical use?
Type 1 (borosilicate) is highly resistant for parenteral use; Type 3 (soda lime) is used for dry powder packaging.
What is the manifestation of chronic phosphorus toxicity?
Bony necrosis (Phossy jaw/Lucifer’s jaw).
Which compound is used to treat fungal infections like sporotrichosis?
Potassium iodide (KI).
What is the antidote for iodine toxicity (iodism)?
Starch solution, sodium chloride (NaCl), or sodium thiosulfate.
What is the use of ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl)?
Systemic and urinary acidifier, expectorant, and diuretic.
What is the unique property of magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia)?
It acts as both an antacid and a laxative.
What is the main use of ferric chloride (FeCl₃) in medical testing?
It is used to test for tannins and as an astringent.
What is the toxic manifestation of cadmium exposure, and its antidote?
Itai-itai disease (osteomalacia); Antidote: Calcium EDTA.
What is the therapeutic use of nitrous oxide (N₂O)?
It is used as a dental anesthetic and analgesic.
Which antidote is used for Wilson’s disease (copper toxicity)?
Penicillamine (Cuprimine®).
What is the effect of chromium deficiency?
Secondary hyperglycemia.
What is the clinical significance of cobalt (Co)?
It is essential for the production of Vitamin B12 and is used to treat megaloblastic and pernicious anemia.
What is the antidote for acute fluoride poisoning?
Calcium gluconate.
What is the use of titanium dioxide (TiO₂)?
It is used as a solar ray protectant and opacifying agent.
What is the common use of magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄)?
It is used as a cathartic (laxative) and anticonvulsant.
What is “boric acid lobster appearance,” and what causes it?
It is a toxicity symptom caused by the dermal or oral absorption of boric acid.
What condition is treated with Trisenox® (arsenic trioxide)?
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).
What is the function of simethicone in pharmaceutical preparations?
It is an antiflatulent and antifoaming agent.
Which element is stored under oil to prevent reaction with air?
Lithium (Li) or any Group 1A alkali metal.
What is a notable use of sodium nitrite (NaNO₂) in the food industry?
It is used as a preservative and color developer in cured meats.
What is the condition caused by zinc toxicity from inhalation, and its manifestation?
Metal fume fever; Manifestation includes flu-like symptoms.
What is the role of sodium citrate in blood storage?
It acts as an anticoagulant by sequestering calcium ions.
What is the medical use of sodium fluoride (NaF) in water treatment?
It is used for water fluoridation to prevent dental caries.
What is the function of sodium thiosulfate in iodometry?
It acts as a reducing agent in titrations involving iodine.
What is the antidote for arsenic poisoning?
BAL (Dimercaprol).
What is the most common side effect of barium sulfate (BaSO₄) during imaging procedures?
Constipation.
What is the main use of magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃)?
It is used as an antacid and laxative.
What condition does lithium toxicity cause during pregnancy?
Ebstein’s anomaly (a congenital heart defect).
What is the therapeutic use of sodium nitroprusside?
It is used as a vasodilator for managing hypertension crises.
What is the primary use of calcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂)?
It is used as an antacid and a calcium replenisher.
What is the manifestation of mercury poisoning in children?
Pink disease (acrodynia).
What is the role of sodium bicarbonate in Gaviscon?
It acts as an antacid and helps form a protective barrier to prevent acid reflux.
What is the toxic manifestation of sulfur dioxide (SO₂)?
It causes hypersensitivity reactions such as bronchospasms and angioedema.
What is the manifestation of chronic silicon dioxide (SiO₂) exposure?
Silicosis, a lung condition similar to tuberculosis.
What is the function of potassium tartrate in Fehling’s solution?
It acts as a complexing agent to stabilize the solution.
What condition is caused by cadmium exposure in mining areas, and what is its main manifestation?
Itai-itai disease; Manifestation includes osteomalacia (bone softening).
What is the antidote for excessive iodine exposure?
Sodium thiosulfate and starch solution.
What is the medical use of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt)?
It is used as a laxative, anticonvulsant, and for relieving muscle cramps.
What is the role of potassium iodide in hyperthyroidism treatment?
It is used to block thyroid hormone synthesis and prepare patients for thyroid surgery.
What is the pharmaceutical use of titanium dioxide (TiO₂)?
It is used as a sunscreen agent and opacifier in tablets and capsules.
What is the use of zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) in mouthwash formulations?
It acts as an antiseptic and dentin desensitizer.
Which heavy metal toxicity causes a green tongue, and what is the metal?
Vanadium toxicity.
What is the antidote for boric acid poisoning?
There is no specific antidote; supportive treatment is provided to manage symptoms like ‘boiled lobster’ skin appearance.
What condition is caused by excessive bismuth intake?
Blue-black gums and black stools (bismuth sulfide).
What is the primary medical use of technetium-99m (Tc⁹⁹m)?
It is used in imaging procedures for the liver, kidney, and thyroid.
What is the manifestation of cobalt deficiency?
Megaloblastic anemia and pernicious anemia.
What is the toxic effect of antimony compounds?
Schistosomiasis treatment side effects include vomiting and diarrhea.
What is the main use of aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)₃)?
It is used as an antacid and for phosphate binding in hyperphosphatemia.
What is the function of ammonium bicarbonate in aromatic ammonia spirit?
It acts as a respiratory stimulant and expectorant.
What is the main therapeutic use of ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄)?
It is a hematinic for treating iron-deficiency anemia.
What is the use of magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide combination in Maalox?
They balance each other’s side effects as an antacid for hyperacidity and GERD.
What is the role of sodium fluoride (NaF) in dental health?
It prevents dental caries by strengthening tooth enamel.
Which element is responsible for brittle bones in cases of toxicity?
Fluorine, leading to skeletal fluorosis.
What is the antidote for calcium overdose?
EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid).
What is the main use of sodium citrate in vivo?
It acts as a systemic alkalizer and anticoagulant.
What condition is treated with colloidal bismuth subcitrate?
Peptic ulcer disease caused by Helicobacter pylori.
What is the common name for lead acetate, and what is its medical use?
Sugar of lead; It is used as an astringent and antiseptic.
What is the use of alum (KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O) in dermatology?
It is used as an astringent, antiperspirant, and deodorant.
