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Comparative Immunology > Innate Immunity - Sentinel Cells > Flashcards

Innate Immunity - Sentinel Cells Flashcards

0
Q

How to sentinel cells initially discriminate self from non-self?

A

PRRs

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1
Q

Sentinel or surveillance cells are concentrated where? Why are they concentrated here?

A

Peripheral tissues where they can come into immediate contact with invading microbes or foreign particles

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2
Q

What are 5 types of sentinel cells?

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells, eiosinophils and epithelial cells

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3
Q

Dendritic cells present peptide antigens to?

A

Naive T cells

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4
Q

Dendritic cells direct the immune response via?

A

Cell-to-cell receptor communication and the secretion of cytokines

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5
Q

Very briefly list the 7 functions of macrophages

A

Act as sentinel cells, innate effector cells carrying out phagocytosis, act as APCs for memory T cells, effector cells for CMIR, nutrient recycling by phagocytizing dying cells, regulate inflammation, participate in the resolution phase producing products which aids in tissue remodeling and repair

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6
Q

Sentinel cell types except for epithelial cells, are largely derived from?

A

Bone marrow equivalent tissues

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7
Q

Hematopoietic is?

A

Differentiation of cells from pluripotent stem cells

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8
Q

What directs sentinel cells to their constitutive and inductive trafficking to peripheral tissues?

A

Chemokines

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9
Q

What three sentinel cells are part of the mononuclear phagocytizic system (MPS)?

A

DCs, monocytes and macrophages

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10
Q

The majority of the cells in the mononuclear phagocytic system originate from hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into?

A

Common macrophage and DC progenitors (CMDP)

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11
Q

CMDP give rise to either __________ or monocytes that migrate into tissues and mature into macrophages

A

Common DC progenitors (CDP)

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12
Q

Mast cells are found where?

A

In the skin an at mucosal surfaces

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13
Q

Mast cells can elicit _________ and ______ effects very rapidly via PRE ligation with PAMPs/alarmins and subsequent ____________.

A

Systemic, local, degranulation

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14
Q

Mast cell are motile cells that act as an important effector during what type of infection?

A

Parasitic

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15
Q

Mast cells are key mediators of?

A

Antibody-mediated atopic hypersensitivity reactions

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16
Q

Normally, mast cells undergo what type of degranulation?

A

Piecemeal

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17
Q

In cases of anaphylaxis, mast cells undergo what type of degranulation?

A

Spontaneous

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18
Q

What is spontaneous degranulation of mast cells?

A

All of their granular contents are released into the surrounding tissues causing immediate and severe inflammation

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19
Q

What is present in the granular contents of mast cells?

A

Vasoactive compounds, pro-inflammatory cytokines, Chemokines, chemo attractants and anti microbial enzymes & peptides

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20
Q

Mast cells have the capacity to undergo an alternative death pathway referred to as?

A

Netosis

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21
Q

What occurs during netosis?

A

Mitochondrial and genomic DNA, just ones, and granule proteins are released from the cell forming antimocrobial extracellular traps

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22
Q

True or false - mast cells are also involved in the acquired immune response

A

True

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23
Q

Mast cells contain what receptor which bids to immunoglobulin IgE?

A

Fcepsilon

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24
Q

What occurs when a mast cell comes into contact with a specific antigen in response to IgE cross linking with the antigen?

A

Degranulation

25
Q

Chicken mast cells are activated by? And are responsible for?

A

IgY and responsible for local anaphylactic reaction in the gut

26
Q

The cross-linking of two FCeRs activated several?

A

Tyrosine kinases leading to the activation of phospholipase C

27
Q

What does phospholipase C do?

A

Splits membrane phosphotidylinositol 4,5- biphosphate (PIP2) into messenger molecules diacylgycerol (DAG) and inositol tri phosphate (ITP)

28
Q

What does ITP do?

A

Increases intracellular calcium release from storage sites

29
Q

What triggers granule mobilization and transcription of cytokines as well as COX and LOX?

A

Protein kinases activated by DAG and calcium

30
Q

What does phospholipase A do and how is it activated?

A

Activated by IgE cross-linking and it acts of cell membrane phospholipids to produce Arachnidonic acid (AA)

31
Q

What is AA converted to by LOX and COX enzymes?

A

Vasoactive eicosanoid lipids

32
Q

What enzymes are produced by LOX and COX?

A 
LOX = leukotrienes
COX = prostaglandins
33
Q

What are the two major types of mast cells?

A

Connective tissue mast cells and mucosal mast cells

34
Q

Where are CTMCs found?

A

Peritoneal cavity and skin

35
Q

Where are MMCs found?

A

Intestines and lungs

36
Q

What do CTMCs contain?

A

Proteoglycan heparin

37
Q

What do MMS contain?

A

Proteoglycan chondroitin sulfate

38
Q

How are MMCs different then CTMCs?

A

Smaller in size, contain less histamine, shorter life span

39
Q

True or false - mast cells can degranulation in response to PAMPs and alarmins

A

True

40
Q

What are the two major neuro peptide receptors mast cells express?

A

Alpha and beta adrenoreceptors (ADR)

41
Q

What is norepinephrine and what does it do?

A

It’s an alpha ADR agonist or beta ADR antagonist and it enhances mast cell degranulation

42
Q

What is epinephrine and what does it do?

A

It’s a beta ADR agonist or an alpha ADR antagonist and it inhibits mast cell degranulation

43
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Regulate inflammation, maintain epithelial barrier function at mucosal surfaces

44
Q

Excessive eosinophilia is associated with?

A

Tissue damage

45
Q

Eosinophil differentiation requires the presence of?

A

Growth factors

46
Q

Eosinophils are recruited to tissues and become activated by?

A

IL-33 and IL-5

47
Q

What are IL33 and IL5 produced from?

A

Th2 cells and by mast cell degranulation products

48
Q

What is present in mast cell degranulation products?

A

Eotaxin, histamine, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), serotonin, and platelet activation factor (PAF)

49
Q

What can eosinophils do during an acquired immune response?

A

Phagocytosis and act as antigen presenting cells

50
Q

Eosinophils express __ receptors which means they can undergo _________ degranulation

A

Fc, antigen-specific

51
Q

True or false - extracellular traps are produced by mast cells and eosinophils

A

True

52
Q

What do extracellular traps do?

A

Immobilize and neutralize bacteria

53
Q

What are the two main constituents of eosinophil granules?

A

Cationic proteins and various RNases

54
Q

What are the cationic proteins?

A

Major basic protein (MBP) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)

55
Q

How do MBP and EPO work?

A

They bind to helminths or bacteria. Their positive charge disrupts the membrane lipid bilateral affecting membrane permeability leading to cytotoxicity.

56
Q

Eosinophils involved in tissue repair are an important source of?

A

Matrix metalloproteins (MMPs)

57
Q

What do MMPs do?

A

Degrade extracellular matrix materials such as collagen enabling inflammatory cells to migrate through tissues and therefore allows for tissue reorganization to occur during healing

58
Q

What is TGF-beta produced from and what does it do?

A

Produced from eosinophils and promotes differentiation and proliferation of fibroblasts, epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells during tissue healing

59
Q

What are IL-6, IL-8, TGF-beta and vascular endothelial cell growth factor examples of?

A

Pro-angiogenic factors from eosinophils

60
Q

What are thrombospondin and endosatin examples of?

A

Anti-angiogenic factors

61
Q

Eosinophils are an important source of _____ at mucosal tissues which allows the steering of the acquired immune response favoring?

A

IL-4 and Th2 antibody-mediated immunity

Comparative Immunology (3 decks)

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