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Immunology > Innate Immunity- Induced Response > Flashcards

Innate Immunity- Induced Response Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pattern of microbial molecules recognized by cells of the innate immune system? Through what receptor?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs); Through Pattern Recognition Receptors

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2
Q

What are the two types of Pattern Recognition Receptors?

A

Phagocytic receptors and signaling receptors

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3
Q

To what molecules do macrophage CR3/CR4 receptors bind?

A

iC3b and LPS

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4
Q

What are the pattern-recognition signaling receptors in the macrophage?

A

Toll-like receptors

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5
Q

What is the general structure of a functional Toll-like receptor? On which membrane can it be found?

A

Functional receptors are either homo- or hetero-dimers; can be on internal or external membranes

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6
Q

With what other subunit does TLR4 solely form dimers with? What does the receptor detect?

A

TLR4; gram negative bacteria

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7
Q

How is lipopolysaccharide recognized by macrophages?

A

When LPS is released from the bacterial surfaces, it is bound by CD14 on the macrophage surface, which acts as a co-receptor to TLR4. The TLR4 dimer associates with MD2 to form a complex with CD14 and LPS

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8
Q

What downstream transcription factor is activated through the binding of LPS to CD14 and TLR4?

A

NF-kB

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9
Q

What two cytokine responses can be elicited via signaling through TLRs?

A

Inflammatory cytokine production (IL-6, TNF-a, etc.) or IFN- alpha and beta

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10
Q

What is the result of a MyD88 deficiency?

A

Severe infections by pyogenic bacteria without an development of high fever

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11
Q

How does NEMO deficiency present?

A

Increased susceptibility to pus-inducing bacteria and abnormalities in ectoderm-derived tissues

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12
Q

What are the major cytokines secreted by activated macrophages?

A

IL-1b, IL-6, IL-12, CXCL8, and TNF-a

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13
Q

What are the functions of IL-1b and TNF-a secreted by activated macrophages?

A

Induction of vasodilation and decreased blood flow

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14
Q

What is the function of CXCL8?

A

Chemoattractant that attracts neutrophils to the site of infection

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15
Q

What is the function of IL-12?

A

Induces NK cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines that sustain macrophage activation

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16
Q

What is the function of IL-6?

A

Acts on local muscle and adipose to adjust their metabolism and generate more heat

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17
Q

What are the immediate effects of Type I interferon?

A

Interference with viral replication, signal to neighboring cells that they too should prepare to resist viral infection, and alert immune cells that infection is about and to make virus-infected cells more vulnerable to attack by killer lymphocyte

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18
Q

What toll-like receptor mediates the interferon response?

A

TLR3

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19
Q

How is viral RNA detected within host cells? With what molecule do these detectors interact?

A

RIG-1 like receptors (RLRs): RIG-1 and MDA-5; mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)

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20
Q

What is the interferon response?

A

A series of reactions initiated by the binding of interferon to its receptor

21
Q

What is involved in the interferon response?

A

Induced resistance to viral replication in all cells, increased expression of ligands for NK cell receptors, and activation of NK cells to kill virally infected cells

22
Q

What are the consequences of a TLR3/TRIF deficiency?

A

Recurrent HSV encephalitis in early childhood

23
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

24
Q

What causes the swelling associated with inflammation?

A

INcrease in vascular permeability, leakage of fluid from the blood vessels, accumulation of fluid in the tissue, and extravasation of leukocytes

25
Q

What cytokines prompt the synthesis of acute phase proteins?

A

IL-1/ IL-6/ TNF-a

26
Q

How do inflammatory cytokines raise body temperature?

A

Cytokines act on temperature-control sites in the hypothalamus and on muscle and adipose to alter their energy metabolsim and generate more heat

27
Q

How does COX-2 contribute to pyrogen-induced fever?

A

Production of prostaglandin E2 which acts on the hypothalamus causing an increase in heat production and decrease in heat loss by vasoconstriction

28
Q

What can wide-spread secretion of TNF-a lead to?

A

TNF-a causes increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and endothelial adhesiveness to WBCs and platelets leading to blood clots and disseminated intravascular coagulation

29
Q

What is the first population of effector cells recruited to infected tissue?

A

Neutrophils

30
Q

What is the most abundant white blood cell?

A

Neutrophils

31
Q

How do neutrophils recognize their targets?

A

Multiple receptors such as Fc(gamma) and C3b receptors

32
Q

What determines the movement of leukocytes between blood and tissue?

A

Interactions between complementary pairs of adhesion molecules

33
Q

What are Weibel-Palade bodies?

A

P-selectin granules in vascular endothelial cells that are activated by inflammatory mediators (leukotriene, C5a, histamine) and are transported to the cell surface

34
Q

What endothelial adhesion molecule is activated by LPS or TNF-a?

A

E-selectin

35
Q

With what neutrophil surface molecule do selectins interact?

A

Sialyl-lewis carbohydrate groups of glycoproteins

36
Q

What is the process by which leukocytes squeeze between neighboring endothelial cells to enter tissue?

A

Diapedesis/extravasation

37
Q

True or False: the range of particulate material that neutrophils engulf is greater than that tackled by macrophages?

A

True

38
Q

What is contained in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils?

A

Lysozyme, defensins, myeloperoxidase, proteases, and elastase

39
Q

What is contained in the secondary granules of neutrophils? Tertiary?

A

Lactoferin, lysozyme, and NADPH oxidase; Gelatinase

40
Q

How does neutrophilic granular content come into contact with pathogens?

A

Phagosomes containing recently captured microorganisms are fused with preformed granules

41
Q

What is the function of neutrophilic NADPH oxidase?

A

It produces superoxide radicals that are converted into hydrogen peroxide and raise the phagosome pH to 8, activating antimicrobial peptides to attack

42
Q

What is the respiratory burst?

A

A transient increase in oxygen consumption that occurs in activated neutrophils that can kill bacteria and fungi

43
Q

What is the neutrophil extracellular trap?

A

When neutrophils die via netosis, the nucleus swells and bursts, and the chromatin is extruded in a network of decondensed DNA with histones and proteins that traps and kills pathogens

44
Q

What is severe congenital neutropenia?

A

A deficiency of neutrophils at birth or soon afterward that results in life-threatening pyogenic infections, acute gingivostomatitis and chronic parodontal disease

45
Q

How does Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency present? What is the underlying cause?

A

Recurrent skin infections, internal infections, periodontal disease, delayed wound healing, candidiasis, and leukocytosis; mutations of integrin beta chains

46
Q

What causes chronic granulomatous disease?

A

Mutations in the NADPH oxidase enzyme complex

47
Q

What are the two distinctive NK cell functions in the innate immune response to viral infections?

A

1) Kill virus infected cells and 2) maintain and increase inflammatory state

48
Q

True or False: NK cells contribute to defense against both intracellular and extracellular pathogens

A

True

49
Q

What is the key cytokine secreted by NK cells?

A

Interferon gamma

Immunology (13 decks)

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