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Infection and Immunity > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the response time, specificity and response to repeat infection of the innate immune system

A

Hours
limited and fixed number of receptors
identical to primary response

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2
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

endocytosis, phagocytosis and clearance

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3
Q

What activates the innate immune system?

A

microorganisms overcome the epithelial barrier and multiply they have pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are recognized by PAMP receptors on macrophages.
The macrophages then phagocytose the microorganisms and kill them

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4
Q

How many PAMP receptors can a macrophage express

A

it can express multiple PAMP receptors

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5
Q

What are the four stages of phagocytosis

A
  1. ) Binding to surface receptors
  2. ) engulfment into vacuole/phagosome
  3. ) fusion of phagosome with lysosome
  4. ) Killing and degradation of bacterium by lysozyme, proteases, acid hydrolases and free radicals
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6
Q

What are the cytokines that are released as a result of macrophage activation

A

IL-1
TNF
IL-6

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7
Q

What is the local effect of IL-1

A

activates vascular endothelium
activates lymphocytes
local tissue destruction
increases access of effector cells

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8
Q

What is the systemic effects of IL-1

A

Fever

production of IL-6

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9
Q

What are the local effects of TNF

A

Activates vascular endothelium
Increases vascular permeability –> increased entry of IgG, complement, and cells to tissue as well as increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes

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10
Q

What are the systemic effects of TNF

A

Fever
Mobilization of metabolites
shock

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11
Q

What are the local effects of IL-6

A

Lymphocyte activation

Increased antibody production

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12
Q

What are the systemic effects of IL-6

A

Fever

Induces acute phase protein production

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13
Q

What are some features of Neutrophils

A 
multi lobed nucleus
granulated cytoplasm
stains with acidic and basic dyes
phagocytic 
Main line of defence against invading bacteria
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14
Q

What are the two ways Neutrophils and macrophages respond to phagocytic stimuli and describe them

A

Oxygen dependent: generation of free radicals like superoxide ions and oxygen independent: secretion of hydrolytic enzymes like lysozyme

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15
Q

What are the two ways neutrophils find microorganisms with description

A
  1. ) Extravastation - are abundantly in the blood stream and just cross the capillary endothelium to go to site
  2. ) Chemotaxis - chemokines are released and bind to cell, the cell then tracks the concentration gradient until it finds the highest concentration of them at the site of infection
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16
Q

What are Eosinophils?

A

polymorphonuclear involved in immunity to parasites and allergic reactions if there is a parasite it will release the vacuoles to the parasite to kill it

17
Q

How is a Mast Cell activated?

A

The mast cells have FC receptors which bind for the antibody IgE, which can bind the allergen when there is cross linking (two antibodies (IgE) bound to two FC receptors and linked by one allergen) the mast cell degranulates all it’s antibacterial components

18
Q

What do Natural Killer cells target?

A

virus infected cells
intracellular bacterially-infected cells
tumour cells

19
Q

How do Natural Killer cells attack?

A

Signals from a cell can be positive or negative and the natural killer cell monitors it if the overall signal from the cell is negative it won’t destroy it if it is positive it will destroy it, it does this by recognizing the receptors on the cell and destroys by releasing granule contents into the other cell through a synapse

20
Q

What is a complement

A

Set of plasma protein (proteases) that help defend against extracellular pathogens

21
Q

What do complements do when activated?

A
  1. ) attrack phagocytes across local blood vessels
  2. ) direct cells to sites of inflammation
  3. ) act as opsonins by coating microbes with molecules
22
Q

What is opsonization

A

the process of being a bridge between bacteria and a macrophage

23
Q

What are the 3 ways complements are activated?

A
  1. ) Classical (Adaptive IS) : Antibody binds to specific antigen on pathogen surface
  2. ) Lectin (Innate IS): Mannan-binding protein binds to mannose on pathogen surface
  3. ) Alternative (Innate IS): pathogen surface allows complement activation
24
Q

How does a complement cascade destroy a microorganism

A

complements C5b-9 come and attach to the bacteria and eventually C9 binds puncturing a hole in the bacteria destroying it

25
Q

What are the cells involved in the innate immune response?

A 
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Mast Cells
Natural Killer cells 
Eosinophils
Basophils
26
Q

What are Defensins

A

highly positively charged polypeptides that create pores in the membrane of bacteria and kill them
mainly found in lower respiratory tract and GIT

27
Q

What are alpha and beta interferons?

A

Exist viral infected cell and bind to an adjacent cell activated anti-viral state in that cell and it will (with ribonucleases and protein kinase) inhibit viral DNA replication

Infection and Immunity (2 decks)

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