INNATE IMMUNITY Flashcards
What type of cells are ‘adaptive immunity’ cells of the immune system
Native B cell > antibodies
Native T cell > effector T cells
What type of cells come under the ‘innate immunity’ category
Epithelial barriers, phagocytes, dendritic cells, plasma proteins and NK cells
Adaptive immunity takes _______ to work after infection
Days
All animals have ______ immunity, a defence active immediately upon infection
Innate
Innate immunity consists of ______ barriers, plus ______ cellular and _______ defences
External
Internal
Chemical
Adaptive immunity or ________ immunity develops ______ exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins or other foreign substances
Acquired
After
Adaptive immunity or _______ immunity Involves a very ______ response
Acquired
Specific
The h______ response is antibodies defending against infection in body fluids
Humoral
The cell mediated response is c_____ cells defending against infection in body cells
Cytotoxic
Adaptive immunity is a ________ response (vertebrates only)
slower
Innate immunity is recognition of traits shared by a broad range of pathogens using a ________ set of receptors
Small
_______ of skin is resistant to weak acids and bases and to bacterial toxins and enzymes
Keratin
Normal or resident bacteria is known as _________
Commensals
____ sweep the mucus plus whatever is trapped in into into the pharynx where it is swallowed
Cilia
Mucosae may also produce s______ which constants chemicals that are toxic to bacteria
sebum
________ (in salvia) is an enzyme that destroys bacteria – produced by Mucosae
Lysozyme
P______ are the first immune cells to confront foreign material within the body
Phagocytes
Major phagocytes in the body are called what
Macrophages
Phagocytes develop from WBCs called what?
monocytes
P_______ roam the body looking for foreign material
Phagocytes
Some tissues have permanent resident macrophages - eg k______ cells in the liver
Kepffer
Phagocytic cells recognise groups of pathogens by what
TLRs- Toll-like receptors
Neutrophils, eosinophils and dendritic cells are also types of what?
white blood cells that are Phagocytic
N________ circulate in the blood are attracted by signals from infected tissue and then engulfed and destroy pathogens
Neutrophils
E_________ are weekly pathogenic but discharge destructive enzymes that are important in defending against parasitic worms
Eosinophils
What type of phagocytic cells stimulate development of adaptive immunity
Dendritic
Neutrophils produce antibacterial chemicals called d_________
Defensins
Natural killer cells are a second variety of _________ attack cells. They are large granular ______
Non-specific
lymphocytes
Natural killer cells are not ________ but they release chemicals called p_________ that attack infected cell membranes
Phagocytes
Perforins
Complement refers to a series of 30 _______ ______ normally present in the blood in an inactive state
Plasma proteins
Activation if complement plasma proteins enhances the ________ response
Inflammatory
Activation of the compliment system results in production of the what - (MAC ATTACK)
Membrane attack complex
Membrane attack complex proteins are inserted into the target cell ______
membrane
The membrane attack complex puts a hole into the cell membrane causing _____ and death to the cell
lysis
Complement plasma proteins are ________ proteins
anti-microbial
Viruses are extremely small and do not present any what?
surface recognition molecules
Viruses _____ be phagocytosed like bacteria
cannot
When body infected with virus what is produced
Interferons
_____ stimulate healthy cells to block the viruses ability to replicate
Interferons
Are interferons non-specific
Yes
Interferons also attract _______ and natural killer cells
macrophages
Mast cells - a type of connective tissue - release h_______ which triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more p_______
Histamine
Permeable
Activated macrophages and _______ release ______ signalling molecules that enhance immune response during inflammation
Neutrophils
Cytokines
S______ s______ is a life threatening condition caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response
Septic shock
Fever is a systemic inflammatory response trigger by ______
pyrogens
_______ immunity: in place, do not require prior exposure
Innate
