innate immune defences P2

Question 1

name 4 innate immune cells and their functions

Answer 1

Neutrophils-phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides

macrophages- phagocytosis, cytokines, inflammatory mediators

dendritic cells- antigen presentation, interferon, cytokines

NKC- lysis of viral-inf cells, macrophage activation, perforin.

Question 2

What are the 2 main leukocytes

Answer 2

granulocytes and mononuclear leukocytes

Question 3

name some granulocytes and their function

Answer 3

Granulocytes include neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells. Their granules contain enzymes that damage or digest pathogens and release inflammatory mediators into the bloodstream.

Question 4

name some mononuclear leukocytes and their function

Answer 4

Mononuclear leukocytes include lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. This group is involved in both innate and adaptive immune system function.

Question 5

explain phagocytic recruitment

Answer 5

cytokines such as TNF dilate local blood vessels and chemokines attract monocytes and neutrophils to the infection.

Question 6

explain phagocytosis

Answer 6

Phagocytes (neutrophils, dendritic cells and macrophages) capture and digest foreign particles.

opsonins help this by tagging bac for digestion.

Question 7

What are NETS’s

Answer 7

neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS)
when activated some neutrophils undergo a form of cell death called NETosis which releases nuclear chromatin that traps micro-organism thus aiding phagocytosis.

Question 8

Name 5 PRR’s

Answer 8

C-type lectin receptors (CLR's)
toll-like receptors (TLR's)
NOD-like receptors (NLR's)
RIG-1 like receptors (RLR'S)
cytosolic DNA sensors (CDS)

Question 9

what do PRR’s detect

Answer 9

Pattern-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), highly conserved and essential components of microbes

Question 10

briefly outline CLR’s

Answer 10

they bind to carbohydrates, type 1 assist with antigen uptake by phagocytes, type 2 are involved in fungal recognition

Question 11

What 4 proteins are used in the TLR signalling cascade

Answer 11

MyD88/ MAL

trif/ TRAM