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Immunology > Innate and adaptive immunity > Flashcards

Innate and adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What personal history quesitons ask immunology

A

Autoimmunity
Malignancy
Immunisation history
Operations - grommets, lobectomies

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2
Q

What is innate immunity

A

Pre-existing degences eg first line, immediate response
Broad types of threat responds generally
No change in repsonse w repeat exposure

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3
Q

What is the adaptic immune systeme

A

Recognises and responds to specific threats
Highly tailored reponse
Takes time
Stronger/faster w repeated exposure - immunological memory

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4
Q

What does germline encoded mean

A

Receptors for innate immune system coded for by DNA already possessed

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5
Q

How does adaptive immune system produce receptors

A

Somatic recombiantion of gene segments

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6
Q

Innate immune cells

A

Phagocytic - neutrophils, macrophages
Dendritic cells (antigen presenting)
Natural killer cells
Complement
Cytokines

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7
Q

Phagocytes

A

Monocytes - macrophages
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Dendritic cells

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8
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

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9
Q

Monocytes vs macrophage

A

monocytes - in blood stream
In tissue = macrophages

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10
Q

Macrophage fucntion

A

Engul and kill pathogens by phagocytosis
Secrete cytokines
antigen presenting cell

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11
Q

How does the dendritic cell link innate and adaptive immune systems

A

Phagocytosis
Ingests ECF - presents antigens on MHC molecule to TH cells

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12
Q

What is a NK cell

A

Large granular lymphocyte
Kill infected cells and tumour cells

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13
Q

What is an epitope

A

Paritcular part of antigen recognised by innate or adaptive immune system receptor

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14
Q

Antigen presenting cells + what express

A

Dendritic cell
Macrophage
Express MHC II

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15
Q

Types of addaptive immunity

A

Cell mediated eg CD4+ and CD8+ T lympgocytes
Humoral - B lymphocytes nad antibodies

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16
Q

Are all B or T cell receptors on surface of one cell the same

A

YES - one B or T cell has one type of B or T cell receptor - one specificitty
Need the number of cells for variety of receptors

17
Q

What cells produce antibodies

A

B cells

18
Q

Antibody structure

A

2 heavy chains in middle
Two light cahins on outside
Identical to their partner
Variable region = antigen binding site = upper section
Constant region = lower

19
Q

Structure of T cell receptors

A

2 different polypeptide chains - alpha and beta

20
Q

When can TCRs recognise antigens

A

ONLY when attached to MHC molecule - I or II

21
Q

Which T cells are cytotoxic vs helper

A

CD8+ = cytotoxic
CD4+ = helper

22
Q

What do CD4 and CD8 determine what T cell can do

A

Which MHC class molecule can attach to =
CD4 - MHC class II on APCs
CD8 - MHC I on any cell

23
Q

How are CD4 Thcells activated

A

TCR and CD4 bind to antigen-MHCII complex on APC

24
Q

What do CD4 Th cells do after activation

A

Multiple and form effector cells -> migrate to site of inflammation and produce cytokines directing immune repsonse

25
Q

What do cytokines from daughter effector Th cells do

A

B cells produce antibodies
Recruite macrophages

26
Q

Role of CD8 T cells

A

Kill infected cells preenting antigen with MHC I on surface

27
Q

What is a B cell receptor

A

Membrane bound antibody

28
Q

How are B cells activated to release antibodies

A

Antigen binds to B cell receptor -> internalises and antigen is broken down
MHC II-antigen complex presented and binds to CD4 T helper cell
Activates B cell

29
Q

Tissues of the immune system

A

Primary lymphoid tiseeus - bone marrow and thymus

30
Q

Where do B cells and T cells originate from

A

B cells - bone marrow
T cells - thymus

31
Q

What are the peripheral lymphoid tissues

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
MALT in gut

32
Q

Purpose of peripheral lymphoid tissue

A

Antigen and lymphocyte to come together - allows adaptive immunitiy
Dendritic APCs migrate to here in lymph via lymphatics
Naive lymphocytes circle lymph nodes via blood stream

33
Q

What is lymph and what it does

A

ECF from all tissue containing APCs bringing peripheral antigens from tissues into lymphatics

34
Q

How is lymph circuclated

A

Drains in series of afferent lymphatic vessels into seconadry lymphoid tissues
Fluid/lymph leaves via efferent lymphatic vessels -> collecting duct eg thoracic duct
Drains into bloodstream via heart

35
Q

Circulation of lymphocytes

A

Naive -> lymph nodes from blood ->smaple environment for antigen on APCs. If encounter activated to effector cells -> efferent lymphatics -> thoracic duct -> blood
Effector cells -> site of infection
Naive cells -> lymph nodes again

36
Q

Passive immunity features

A

Transfer of anitbodies
Cross-placental transfer most common
Transusion
Gives temporary protection, only few weeks or months

37
Q

Family history to ask in immunology

A

Serious infections
Immunodeficiencies
AI disease
Unexplained sudden deaths

38
Q

Medication history what to ask for

A

Lamotrogine - combined ID
phenytoin - reduced Igs and pesudolymphoma

39
Q

What can phenytoin do to immune system

A

hypogammaglobulinaemia (reduced IGs) and enlarged lymph nodes (psuedolymphoma)

Immunology (4 decks)

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