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Clinical Immunology > Innate and Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Innate and Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the term immunology

A

Resistance to pathogens based on the immune systems ability to recognize and clear foreign material. Ability of immune system to distinguish between self and non-self

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2
Q

List 5 main leukocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
  4. Lymphocytes
  5. Monocytes-Macrophages
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3
Q

List characteristics of neutrophils

A
  1. Polymorphonuclear
  2. Segemented
  3. Part of innate immune system
  4. Last about 10 hours in peripheral blood
  5. Most abundant WBC in peripheral blood
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4
Q

Describe neutrophil function

A

-Defends against bacteria and fungi
-Phagocytosis
-Promotes inflammatory response

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5
Q

List characteristics of eosinophils

A

-Less phagocytic activity than PMN because no digestive enzymes
-3% of circulating leukocytes
-8 hr lifespan

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6
Q

Describe eosinophil function

A

-kills parasites
-regulates inflammation
-associated with allergic reactions, drug reactions, certain skin orders, collagen vascular diseases, myeloproliferative disorderes, Hodgkin’s disease
-found in skin and mucosal barriers

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7
Q

List basophil characteristics

A

-0.6% circulating leukocytes
-High concentrations of heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine in granules
-Immediate hypersensitivity reaction triggered from pollen, food, drugs, or insect venom

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8
Q

Describe mast cells

A

-found in skin and mucosal barriers
-activated by microbial binding and complement components (innate or adaptive immunity can activate them)
-anaphylactic shock = severe reaction
-important defense against helminths and other pathogens

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9
Q

List the granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells

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10
Q

List primary lymphoid tissues

A
  1. Bone marrow (B cells mature here)
  2. Thymus (T cells mature here)
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11
Q

List secondary lymphoid tissues

A
  1. Bone marrow (double dips)
  2. Lymph nodes
  3. Spleen
  4. GALT
  5. MALT
  6. BALT
  7. SALT (skin-associated)
  8. Blood
  9. Thoracic duct
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12
Q

What does MPS stand for? Describe its traits

A

Mononuclear Phagocyte System

Cellular system that originates in the bone marrow and consists of monocytes, macrophages, and DCs. They maintain homeostasis, active innate immunity, and bridge innate and adaptive branches. Highly important in bolstering immunity against pathogens

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13
Q

Describe traits of monocytes

A

-Produced in bone marrow
-4-6% circulating leukocytes
-largest normal leukocyte

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14
Q

Describe life cycle of macrophages

A

-Consistent concentration produced at steady state
-Migrate into tissues without the presence of inflammation
-Can survive for many years after encountering pathogens

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15
Q

Describe how macrophages kill pathogens

A

Phagocytosis and release of toxins and enzymes to directly kill pathogen

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16
Q

Describe macrophage interaction with other immune components

A

-Recruit neutrophils to site of inflammation/infection by secreting soluble mediators called cytokines
-Respond to soluble mediators called interferons from adaptive immune system
-Present antigen to adaptive immune components (T cells)

17
Q

What are naive T and B cells?

A

Mature lymphocytes that have not encountered antigen yet

18
Q

Describe neutrophil interaction with other immune components and contrast with macrophages

A

-Neutrophils release chemokines to attract more neutrophils
-Respond to IL-17 from adaptive immune system
-Do not provide many signals to interact with adaptive immune system (macrophages do interact with adaptive immune system)

19
Q

Describe function of lymph nodes

A

They are lymphoid filters that transport lymphocytes to where they are needed. Lymph nodes respond to antigens

20
Q

Function of spleen?

A

Lymphatic filter that traps and concentrates foreign invaders. Major organ for clearance of particles. Important site of antibody production, particularly against bacteria

21
Q

Function of thoracic duct?

A

Rich source of mature T cells, so chronic drainage can cause T cell depletion. It transports lymphocytes to vena cava

22
Q

Function of GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue)?

A

Peyer’s patches located here (intestines) and the liver. Produces IgA and pre-B cells that go out into circulation after encountering antigen

23
Q

Function of BALT (bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue)?

A

In lower respiratory tract and hilar lymph nodes. Mainly associated with IgA production in response to inhaled antigens

24
Q

Skin-associated lymphoid tissue function?

A

Epidermal Langherhans cells present antigens. The cells interact with lymphocytes in the skin and lymph nodes

25
Q

Blood (as secondary lymphoid organ) function?

A

Circulate lymphocytes

Mature T cells enough to produce graft vs host reaction

Can use blood transfusions to induce acquired immunologic tolerance in kidney transplate patients

Most frequently sampled lymphoid organ

26
Q

Describe lymph node structure

A

The cortex contains the germinal center of the secondary follicle is the site of mature B cell and is the site of clonal selection

The paracortex is the site of mature T cells and is site of clonal selection

The hilus is the entry/exit for Ab

27
Q

Function of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Unique microenvironment for initiation and development of immune responses

B and T cells make TNF (tumor necrosis factor) to form and maintain secondary organs

28
Q

Role of thymus in T cell maturation? What happens during maturation?

A

Thymus directs positive and negative selection of T cells. Positive selection involves checking if high CD3 expression present and if loosely bind self MHC antigen

Negative selection marks T cells for apoptosis if they bind self-MHC Ag too tightly

29
Q

Describe B cell maturation

A

Starts and ends in bone marrow. Each B cell clone genetically mutates to generate different Ab

30
Q

What is the body’s first line of defense?

A

Part of innate immune system. Feature biochemical (lysozyme, transferrin, lactic aci, earwax, sebum, acidic stomach,…) and anatomical defenses (skin, mucosa, cilia of respiratory tract, urinary and GI tracts)

31
Q

What is the body’s second line of defense?

A

Part of innate immune system. Features innate immune cells and antimicrobial proteins (cytokines, chemokines, interferons, complement)

32
Q

What is the body’s third line of defense?

A

The adaptive immune system (humoral + cellular)

33
Q

Compare innate and adaptive immunity

A

Innate: First to respond. Does not require memory. Specific against molecules shared by groups of related microbes and molecules secreted by damaged cells. Blood proteins are complement.

Adaptive: Slower to respond due to priming and development of memory. Second time of infection though, acts super fast and more robustly. Specific to antigens it developed memory for. Blood proteins are antibodies.

34
Q

Describe time frames of innate immediate immunity

A

First 0-4 hours. Antimicrobial proteins first to respond to remove infectious agent

35
Q

Describe time frames of early induced immunity for innate immune system

A

4-96 hours. PAMPs recruit phagocytes and other innate immune cells and remove infectious agent

36
Q

Time frame of adaptive immunity?

A

3-5 days. Naive lymphocytes recognize and bind Ag and undergo clonal expansion into effector cells. Memory developed and remove infectious agent

Clinical Immunology (14 decks)

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