Injury Nomenclature Flashcards
Most elastic to least elastic
Skin/Fascia Muscles Tendon Ligament/Capsule Nerve Bone
macrotrauma
Occurs when a single force exceeds the tissue’s failure point
-itis
inflammation
-osis
degenerative change
microtrauma
Occurs with repeated submaximal forces over time, and the tissues are unable to adapt
Trauma Force: Tensile
“tearing”
Muscles, tendons, ligaments, and fascia are prone
Trauma Force: Compression
Stresses applied at each end of structure (i.e. FOOSH)
Trauma Force: Shear
Perpendicularly across the long axis; Results in Transverse fracture & Dislocation
Trauma Force: Torsion
“twisting”
Result in fractures and sprains
Trauma Force: Direct Blow
Blow directly to the body part
Results in: Contusion, Fractures, & Dislocations
Musculotendinous Pathologies: Strains
Etiology
Tensile - non-contact w/excessive tension
“Dynamic Overload” – fibers can’t withstand force generated by muscle
Musculotendinous Pathologies: Strains
1st Degree
Stretching of fibers or damage to myofibrils
Trauma to less than 5% of the MT unit
Musculotendinous Pathologies: Strains
2nd Degree
Actual tearing of some muscle fibers, extracellular matrix, & fascia
More pronounced inflammatory response
Ecchymosis may be present
Musculotendinous Pathologies: Strains
3rd Degree
Complete rupture of the muscle & blood vessels
Total loss of function
Palpable defect that can be obscured by swelling
Tissues become ischemic (insufficient blood flow)
Pain, swelling, & ecchymosis also present
Musculotendinous Pathologies: Tendinitis
1st Degree
Slight dysfunction
Pain during activity
Musculotendinous Pathologies: Tendinitis
2nd Degree
Decreased function
Pain after activity
Musculotendinous Pathologies: Tendinitis
3rd Degree
Constant Pain
Prohibits activity
Musculotendinous Pathologies: Contusions
DDx
Fracture
“Bone Bruise”
Superficial nerve damage
Musculotendinous Pathologies: Contractures
Fibrosis of connective tissue in skin, fascia, muscle or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility or related tissue or joint
Musculotendinous Pathologies: Heterotopic Ossification
Formerly “myositis ossificans”
Heterotopic = “in the wrong place
Musculotendinous Pathologies: Heterotopic Ossification
Etiology
Genetic formation, neurological disease, etc.
Trauma – single, repeat, strain
Musculotendinous Pathologies: Bursitis
Etiology
Friction or direct trauma
Disease state or increased stress
Joint Structure Injuries: Sprains
1st Degree
Ligament is stretched with little or no tearing of its fibers
Firm end-point
Local pain, mild point tenderness, & slight swelling
Joint Structure Injuries: Sprains
2nd Degree
Partial tearing of the ligament’s fibers
Joint laxity when stressed
Soft but definite end-point
Moderate pain & swelling
Joint Structure Injuries: Sprains
3rd Degree
Ligament completely ruptured
Gross joint laxity
Empty or absent end-point
Complete loss of function
Joint Structure Injuries: Synovitis
Etiology
Joint capsule or synovial membrane
Often secondary injury
Salter-Harris
SALTR
S- Straight Separation
A- “Across” the metaphysis
L- makes an “L” shape by going through the growth plate and out the epiphysis
T- Through both epiphysis and metaphysis
R- “Rammed” the epiphysis into metaphysis and causing the compression fracture
Bony Injuries: Exostosis
Etiology
Repeated stress (Attachment sites & spine) Wolff’s Law
Wolff’s Law
skeletal transformation is dependent on the exertion of pressures from outside of body (ie: Osgood Schlatter)
Bony Injuries: Apophysitis
Etiology
Growth plate inflammation - “growing pains”
Fracture - Occult
Doesn’t show up immediately on radiograph following trauma
May take several weeks
Fracture - Nonunion
Fracture that fails to heal within 9 months of expected time required
Bone healing is absent for 3 consecutive months
Facture - Malunion
Healed fracture that are in a medically unacceptable position
