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SPCO221 > Injury, injury care, & rehabilitation > Flashcards

Injury, injury care, & rehabilitation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the injury continuum?

A

Prevention, immediate care, clinical evaluation/diagnosis, and treatment/rehabilitation.

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2
Q

What are the eight potential ways to prevent injuries?

A
  1. Pre-participation screening
  2. Safety checks of equipment, facilities, and field areas
  3. Designing and implementing condition programs
  4. Develop and maintain strength, flexibility, agility, and endurance
  5. Promoting proper technique and safety
  6. Safety precautions to prevent spread of disease
  7. Appropriate taping, wrappins, protective devices, or braces
  8. Monitoring environmental conditions
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3
Q

Why do pre-participation screening (PPS)?

A
  • Identify conditions affecting participation and injury risk
  • Establish baselines of athlete health
  • Uncover high-risk behaviour (drugs, alcohol, infection)
  • Meet legal and insurance requirements
  • Discuss contractual conclusions
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4
Q

What is the injury risk equation 1?

A

Predisposed individual + extrinsic risk factors = susceptible individual

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5
Q

What is the injury risk equation 2?

A

Susceptible athlete + injury mechanism = injury

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6
Q

What are the six points of injury risk profiling?

A
  1. Creation of the generic warning index
  2. Individualising the warning index
  3. Determining the risk factors
  4. Selection of appropriate assessments of injury susceptibility
  5. Assessment of movement proficiency
  6. Dealing with the results
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7
Q

What is the immediate care after injury?

A
  • Nature and extent of injury or illness
  • Immediate care for musculoskeletal injury
  • Immobilising a fracture
  • Cold compression to a strain/sprain
  • Life threatening condition
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8
Q

What are the aspects of clinical evaluation and diagnosis?

A
  • Decisions regarding the nature and severity of an injury or illness
  • Evaluation or assessment (systematic format)
  • Determining the extent and seriousness of an injury or illness
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9
Q

What is the systematic format for evaluation or assessment of injury or illness?

A
  • History of the injury or illness
  • Observation and inspection of the condition
  • Palpation of soft tissues and bony structures
  • Variety of special tests
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10
Q

What are the phases of treatment, rehabilitation, and reconditioning?

A
  • Comprehensive treatment program
  • Therapeutic goals and objectives are set
  • Therapeutic modalities and exercise
  • Pharmacologic agents
  • Progress reports
  • Return to play evaluation
  • Team approach
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11
Q

What is the coaches roles in injury prevention and immediate care?

A
  • Instructions for proper skill development and techniques
  • Development and implementation of conditioning programs
  • Evaluation of the status of participants prior to activity
  • Supervision during activities
  • Inspection of equipment, facilities, and playing fields/courts to ensure safety
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12
Q

What is a medical action plan (MAP)?

A
  • Written documentation facilitating medical resources
  • Who is medically responsible
  • Availability of medical personnel
  • Medical equipment, defib, stretches, examination rooms
  • Communication system
  • First contact person
  • Transport to nearest medical centre
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13
Q

What is the scope of practice?

A

Describes the procedures, actions, and processes that a healthcare practitioner is permitted to undertake in keeping with the terms of their professional license.

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14
Q

What are the liability considerations for a coach?

A
  • Failing to warn about risks
  • Treating injury without consent
  • Failing to provide safe facilities, fields, and equipment
  • Failing to provide adequate injury prevention program
  • Allowing injured or unfit player to participate
  • Failing to provide quality instruction, training, and supervision
  • Failing to have medical support team
  • Failing to have emergency action plan
  • Failing to refer injured to physician
  • Failing to recognise illness (immediate care)
  • Inadequate records
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15
Q

What is nonfeasance?

A

An individual fails to perform their legal duty of care. OMISSION

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16
Q

What is malfeasance?

A

An individual commits an act that is not their responsibility to perform. COMMISSION

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17
Q

What is misfeasance?

A

An individual commits an act that is their responsibility to perform but uses the wrong procedure, or does the correct procedure in an improper manner. WRONG PROCEDURE

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18
Q

What is a direct injury?

A

Injury caused by external forces to the athletes body. Injury usually occurs at site of force.

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19
Q

What is an indirect injury?

A

Caused by internal or external forces, usually results in injury occurring away from the site of injury.

Poor conditioning or excessive movement, undue strain and stress on the soft tissues can lead to structural damage.

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20
Q

What is overuse injury?

A

Excessive use over a prolonged period. Repetitive strain injuries. Poor training technique and high intensity too soon or for long. Poor playing surface and inappropriate equipment.

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21
Q

What is a muscle strain?

A

Disruption of muscle or tendon fibres. Occurs when the tissue is overstretched.

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22
Q

What is a ligament sprain?

A

Ligament is overstretched or torn, occurs when a joint is extended beyond is range of movement.

23
Q

What is a contusion?

A

A bleeding into the soft tissue, caused by contact with a solid (blunt) object.

24
Q

What is a hard tissue injury?

A

A break in the bone, a hairline crack to a visible deformity, acute impact to overuse related to stress.

25
Q

What is an acute injury?

A

A sudden and temporary injury. Usually a traumatic event. Associated with hard tissue injury and immediate pain and swelling.

26
Q

What is a chronic injury?

A

Overuse injuries that develops slowly and lasts a long time. Often milder symptoms and pain.

27
Q

What is a recurrent injury?

A

An injury to the same side/same body part. Occurs after the primary injury has healed.

28
Q

What are intrinsic factors of an injury?

A

Age, physiology (lack of flexibility, muscle imbalance/weakness, and fatigue), and anatomical.

29
Q

What are extrinsic factors of an injury?

A

Training errors, equipment, and temperature.

30
Q

What is the most common injury prevention advice?

A

Increase flexibility to achieve total pain free range of motion.

31
Q

What are the proprioceptors?

A

Proprioceptors are sensory receptors in muscles. Proprioceptors provide information about joint angle, muscle length, and muscle tension which is integrated to give information about the position of the limb in space.

32
Q

What are the two different muscle proprioceptors?

A
  1. Muscles spindles- provides information about changes in muscle length.
  2. Golgi tendon organ- provides information about changes in muscle tension.
33
Q

How do muscle spindles work?

A

Muscle spindles lie parallel to muscle fibres and stretch with muscle.

When stimulated, the spindle sensory fibres discharge and through reflex action in the spinal cord, initiate impulses to cause the muscle to contract and inhibit the stretch.

34
Q

How do golgi tendon organs work?

A

Golgi tendon organs are connected in a series of fibres located in tendons and joint ligaments, and respond to muscle tension rather than length.

If the stretch continues for an extended time (over 6 to 8 seconds), the golgi tendons are stimulated.

This sensory mechanism protects the musculotendinous unit from excessive tensile forces that could damage muscle fibres.

35
Q

What are the overall injury healing phases?

A
  1. Process of restoration of health, cell/organism
  2. Repair of the living tissues or cells
  3. Regeneration of new cells
  4. Replacement of the necrotic cells
36
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Necrosis is cell death resulting from trauma or physical damage. This disruption of the oxygen supply can cause hypoxia.

37
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

A region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen at the tissue level.

38
Q

What are the three phases of soft tissue healing and how long are they?

A
  1. Inflammation phase (0 to 6 days)
  2. Proliferation phase (3 to 21 days)
  3. Maturation phase (up to 1+ years)
39
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury by clearing neurotic cells and damaged tissues, and to initiate tissue repair.

40
Q

What are the five cardinal signs?

A
  1. Calour (local heat)
  2. Rubour (redness)
  3. Tumor (swelling)
  4. Dolour (pain)
  5. Loss of function (depends on severity)
41
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

A plasma-like fluid that exudes out of tissues or its capillaries and is composed of protein and granular leukocytes (white blood cells).

42
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Prolonged fluid composed of non-granular leukocytes- scar tissue formation.

43
Q

What is a clot formation?

A

Fibrin deposit meshwork.

44
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The ingestion of bacteria using devour cells. Leukocytes ingest the cellular debris so prepares the area for repair.

45
Q

What is the purpose of proliferation?

A

To repair and regenerate injured tissue through angiogenesis (new blood vessels) and fibrous tissue formation. Fibroblasts produce collagen fiber network to stabilise wound site.

46
Q

What is the purpose of maturation?

A

To develop scar tissue.

47
Q

How does scar tissue develop?

A
  1. Initially fibrous inelastic nonvascular scar tissue is formed approximately 50% less strength than pre-injury.
  2. This tissue continues modification, realigning collagen fibres based on habitual stress.
  3. Formation results in decreased size and flexibility of involved area.
48
Q

What are local factors that delay healing?

A
  • Extent of injury
  • Extent of hemorrhage or edema
  • Muscle spasm
  • Inflammation
  • Infection
  • Poor blood supply
  • Immobilisation
  • Excessive motion
  • Repeated stress
49
Q

What are systematic factors that delay healing?

A
  • Poor nutrition
  • Vascular insufficiency
  • Age
  • Infection
  • Metabolic disorders
  • Lifestyle
50
Q

What are the stages of conservative treatment for rehabilitation?

A
  1. Protect the injury
  2. Control pain and swelling
  3. Maintain range of motion
  4. Maintain muscle strength
  5. Improve range of motion
  6. Improve muscle strength
  7. Retrain functional movements
51
Q

How does icing an injury work?

A
  • Causes vasoconstriction at cellular level
  • Decreased tissue metabolism
  • Decreased pain perception
  • Inflammatory mediators inhibited
  • Muscle spindles activity decreased to relax spasm
52
Q

How does compressing an injury work?

A
  • Reduces space available for fluid seepage (decreased swelling)
53
Q

How elevating an injury work?

A
  • Encourages venous return
  • Prevents blood pooling in extremities

SPCO221 (8 decks)

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