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Next Generation Exam 3 > Initiation and Induction of Parturition > Flashcards

Initiation and Induction of Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 things need to happen for the fetus to trigger the onset of parturition?

A
  1. Maturation of HPA Axis
  2. Fetus Reaches Capacity: space limitation appears to be the stimulus for ACTH secretion by the fetal pituitary
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2
Q

the culmination of HPA axis maturation and fetus reaching mature size =

A

fetal size

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3
Q

the fetal pituitary stimulates secretion of adrenal corticoids =

A

cortisol

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4
Q

at intiation of parturition decreased ___ removes the block on uterine contractions

A

decreased

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5
Q

increased __ causes the uterus to be responsive to induction of contractions, induction of oxytocin receptors, pelvic ligaments relax and the vulva swells

A

estrogen

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6
Q

expansion of the birth canal is controlled by what hormone?

A

relaxin, estrogens

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7
Q

maternal behavior is controlled by what hormones?

A

oxygen

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8
Q

milk synthesis is caused by __ while ejection is caused by __

A

prolactin, oxytocin

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9
Q

__ and __ initiate uterine contractions

A

PGF, oxytocin

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10
Q

what are signs of impending parturition?

A
  • mammary enlargement and colostrum production
  • enlargement and elongation/laxity of vulva
  • pelvic ligament relaxation and softening of the perineum area
  • isolation and decrease in appetite
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11
Q

longer gestation has a __ standard deviation

A

longer

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12
Q

describe the first stage of parturition

A

initiated by the fetus

  • relaxation/dilation of the cervix
  • uterine contraction commence by oxytocin, PGF2alpha, and E2
  • fetus adopts birth posture
  • chorioallantois enters vagina
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13
Q

describe the behaviors of the first stage of parturition

A

females will isolate themselves, stop eating, show signs of colic, tail flagging, vaginal discharge, milk production

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14
Q

ferguson reflex

A

as the fetus moves through the birth canal, elevated pressure on the cervix stimulates sensory neurons. A neural pathway terminates in the paraventricular nucleus and causes oxytocin to be secreted from the posterior pituitary lobe. Oxytocin stimulates contractions of the myometrium

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15
Q

describe the second stage of parturition

A
  • cervix has completely dilated
  • uterine contractions continue
  • abdominal contractions commence
  • fetus enters birth canal, causing rupture of chorioallantoic membrane
  • fetus expelled
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16
Q

what is observed in the second stage of parturition?

A
  • water breaks bc of chorioallantois rupture
  • active abdominal contractions
  • delivery of fetus
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17
Q

what happens in the third stage of parturition?

A
  • placental circulation is lost
  • placental dehiscence and separation occurs
  • uterine and abdominal contractions continue
  • placenta expulsion
18
Q

when is the second stage of parturition completed?

A

when the calf is delivered

19
Q

when is the third stage of parturition completed?

A

upon placental expulsion

20
Q

predict dog parturition with twice daily rectal temps to see __ , __ for fetal gut motility and renal “T”, and __ levels may be performed

A

transient drop, ultrasonography, P4

21
Q

to predict mare parturition, watch the milk __ levels to be >200 ppm with foaling expected to be within __ hours. Alternatively a decrease in milk pH from alkaline to acidic means foaling within __ hours

A

calcium, 25-72 hours, 24 hours

22
Q

`ruminants most rely on __ and __ for predicting parturition. A drop in rectal temperatures by __ happens 24 hours before parturition

A

breeding dates, physical changes, 0.5F

23
Q

pigs mostly rely on __ and __ for predicting parturition. They will have enlarged mammary glands __ before farrowing with restless/nesting behaviors __ hours prior and laying in lateral recumbency in the last __

A

breeding dates, physical changes, 1-2 days, 12-24 hours, hour

24
Q

dystocia: primary uterine inertia is caused by __, __ and __ while secondary uterine intertia is caused by consequences of __

A

myometrial defects, biochemical deficiencies, environmental disturbance, another cause (exhaustion)

25
Q

dystocia from failure of expulsive forces

A

inability to strain: age, pain, pre-pubic tendon rupture, abdominal herniation

26
Q

dystocia from obstruction of the birth canal

A

bony pelvis:
fracture, breed, diet, immaturity, neoplasia, disease

soft tissue: vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus

27
Q

what may cause lack of cervical dilation?

A
  1. ringwomb in sheep: failure of the cervix to dilate -> c section and cull
  2. lack of stimulation
  3. adhesions/fibrosis: cervix will not dilate due to previous trauma -> c section and cull
28
Q

in the case of uterine torsion if the cervix is closed its rare it will __ and __ is the best option. alternatively, you can try __ or __

A

dilate, c-section, rolling or planking

29
Q

in cases of uterine torsion if the cervix is open, you can use a __ but if you can’t fix it then go to __

A

detorsion rod, c-section

30
Q

what are some fetal causes of dystocia

A
  • hormone deficiency (ACTH/cortisol)
  • fetomaternal disproportion
  • fetal maldisposition
  • fetal death
31
Q

a __ fetus cannot initiate parturition

A

dead

32
Q

black vulvar discharge in the bitch

A

death of a puppy

33
Q

red bag abortion

A

in the mare, may result in the premature placental separation

34
Q

reasons for parturition induction

A
  • mismating (do it EARLY)
  • prolonged gestation (100% sure)
  • edema of the mammary gland
  • medical necessity (preg toxemia, hydrops)
  • convenience
35
Q

induction in cattle

A

dexmethasone if beyond 270 days should make them calve within 24-72 hours and the interval can be tightened with prostaglandin co-admin. The calves often survive if induced within 1-2 wks of calving date and a retained placenta is a common sequela.

36
Q

induction in sheep

A

dexmethasone +/- prostaglandin if beyond 137 days will make them lamb within 36-48 hours. Lambs have a good survival rate within 1 wks of their normal lambing date.

37
Q

induction in goats

A

give prostaglandin at least 144 days gestation and will kid within 30-36 hours. The survival of the kid is good if within 1 week of their normal lambing date

38
Q

induction in pigs

A

PGF2 alpha at lwast 112-113. days in gestation will make them farrow within 18-36 hours. IU oxytocin can be given to increase % of sows to farrow in subsequent 6 hours but higher doses may fatigue them sooner

39
Q

__ and __ are CL dependent for induction

A

goats and pigs

40
Q

induction in mares is a __ idea and __ is most commonly used

A

bad, oxytocin

41
Q

induction in bitches/queens

A

can be difficult and fetal death can result prior to parturition

Next Generation Exam 3 (5 decks)

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