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Biology Paper 2 > Inheritence, Variation And Evolution > Flashcards

Inheritence, Variation And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of cell division

A

Mitosis
Meiosis

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2
Q

What is mitosis

A

Results in the formation of 2 genetically identical daughter cells from one cell. It’s used in asexual repreducfion

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3
Q

What is meiosis

A

This results in the formation of 4 genetically non identical daughter cells from one cell. It’s used in sexual reproduction

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4
Q

What happens in sexual reproduction

A

The fusion of male and female gamete’s. Cells in reproductive organs divide by meiosis to create gametes. Gametes contain half the number of chromosomes found in all body cells

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5
Q

What happens in asexual reproduction

A

Involves 1 parents with no gametes joining. It happens using the process of mitosis where 2 identical cells are formed from 1 cell. There’s no mixing of genetic information. It leads to clones which are genetically identical to eachother and the parent. For example bacteria

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6
Q

What are the features of sexual reproduction

A

1) 2 parents
2) cells divide by meiosis
3) offspring is non identical
4) male and female gametes fuse

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7
Q

What are examples of sexual gametes

A

Sperm and egg cells are gametes in animals
Pollen and ovum cells contain the gametes in flowering plants

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8
Q

What are the features of asexual reproduction

A

1) cells divide by mitosis
2) off spring are clones
3) only one parent
4) no gametes fuse

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9
Q

What happens when cells divide to form gametes

A

Copies of the genetic information are made
The cell divides twice to form 4 gametes each with a single set of chromosomes
All gametes are genetically different from eachother
Gametes Join at fertilisation to restore the normal number of chromosomes: the new cell divides by mitosis. The number of cells increases. As the embryo develops, cells differentiate

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10
Q

What organisms reproduce asexually

A

Strawberry plants reproduce asexually
Daffodils reproduce asexually

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11
Q

What is the genome

A

The entire genetic material of an organism

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12
Q

What is DNA

A

A polymer made up of 2 strands of making a double helix structure

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13
Q

What are genes

A

A small section of DNA. Genes code for a sequence of amino acids which combine to give a specific protein

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14
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Long strands of DNA are coiled up to form chromosomes . They contain many genes. Human body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes one of each pair coming from each parent

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15
Q

What is the smallest to largest

A

DNA-gene-chromosome-nucleus-genome

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16
Q

What is the importance or the human genome

A

Gene identification- identifying genes linked to different disorders allowing those of risks to make informed lifestyle decisions

Improving our understanding of the causes of inherited disease and how we should be treating them

17
Q

What is the importance of the human genome (2)

A

Human history-investigating human evolutionary history including how humans migrated in the past

18
Q

How many chromosomes do human body cells have?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

19
Q

What are mutations

A

A permanent change in the nucleotide of DNA. Mutations happen continuously and normally only slightly affect protein or don’t affect them at all. Occasionally a mutation may change the structure/shape of a protein

20
Q

What are the outcome of mutations

A

The outcome of mutations is almost always detrimental to protein function. For example in enzymes the substrate may no longer be able to bind to the active site. In structural proteins their strength may be reduced

21
Q

What’s a survival advantage

A

More rarely a mutation may give a survival advantage such as resistance to an antibiotic in bacteria. These mutations can be benefitted and represent the foundations of evolution by natural selection

22
Q

What is an allele

A

The different forms of a gene. Humans have 2 alleles for each gene. 1 from each parent

23
Q

What is a dominant gene

A

Only one out of the 2 alleles is needed for it to be expressed and for the corresponding phenotype to be observed

24
Q

What is a recessive gene

A

2 copies are needed for it to be expressed and for the corresponding phenotype to be observed

25
Q

What is homozygous

A

When both inherited alleles are the same

26
Q

What is heterozygous

A

When 1 of the inherited alleles is dominant and the other is recessive

27
Q

What is a genotype

A

Combination of alleles an individual has

28
Q

What is a phenotype

A

Physical characteristics that are observed in the individual

Biology Paper 2 (3 decks)

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