Inheritence patterns & Health issues

Question 1

An altered form of a gene that causes cancer is called a/an ____________________gene.

Answer 1

a) oncogene

Question 2

When Gregor Mendel did his experiments with inherited characters in peas, he was lucky to have chosen characters that were controlled by single genes. These characters (i.e., purple vs white flowers, yellow vs green peas) are called _______________ characters.

Answer 2

discrete

Question 3

What is the phenotype ratio from the above cross?

Answer 3

d) All look like the homozygous dominant parent

Question 4

In a cross between two individuals both of whom are heterozygous for a particular trait, what is the genotype ratio of the offspring for this cross (homozygous dominants: heterozygous individuals: homozygous recessives)?

Answer 4

1:2:1

Question 5

The fact that allele pairs separate during gamete formation (only to form again during fertilization) is known as Mendel’s Principle of ______________________.

Answer 5

Segregation

Question 6

What is true of all of the following traits: freckles, widow’s peak, and free earlobes?

Answer 6

they are all dominant traits

Question 7

What is the term for when a single gene effects multiple traits in an individual?

Answer 7

pleiotrophy

Question 8

Sickle cell disease occurs in about one in ______ hundred Afro-Americans.

Answer 8

five

Question 9

Which of the following is the reason why this disease is so relatively common among Afro-Americans?

Answer 9

the gene in which this mutation is found only occurs among Afro-Americans

Question 10

That many characteristics of humans are continuous in nature (show a wide range of continuous variation) is due to which of the following?

Answer 10

the fact that many characteristics are controlled by an interaction among several genes

Question 11

Which of the following types of cancer kills more people per year in the U.S. and has an average life expectancy of one year from the time of diagnosis?

Answer 11

lung

Question 12

For which of the following cancers is cigarette smoke considered a known or likely carcinogen?

Answer 12

lung

Question 13

Which of the following cancers has the highest mortality rate relative to the number of new cases diagnosed in a given year?

Answer 13

lung

Question 14

Which type of cancer is the most common among individuals ages 25-29?

Answer 14

skin (melanomas

Question 15

Each and every exposure to a tanning bed increases your lifetime risk of getting melanoma by ___%.

Answer 15

75

Question 16

There is a ___% increase in UV radiation intensity for every 1000 feet in elevation gain.

Answer 16

10-12

Question 17

What percentage of North American women can expect to get breast cancer in their lifetime?

Answer 17

12

Question 18

The five year survival rate of women who are diagnosed for breast cancer is about ______%.

Answer 18

90

Question 19

Which of the following is a factor that increases a woman’s chance of getting breast cancer?

Answer 19

the less time she spends nursing her children

Question 20

What was the expected lifespan of someone who worked in a manufacturing job in 19th century England?

Answer 20

35-45 years

Question 21

Between the late 1800’s and present day, the average life span of
people in industrialized countries did what?

Answer 21

increased by about 10 years

Question 22

Infant mortality rates for those born in inner cities of England during the mid-19th century were, on average, about _____________ per 1000.

Answer 22

300

Question 23

Current infant mortality rates in the U.S. are about ______ per 1000.

Answer 23

6.8

Question 24

Which of the following scientists was responsible for identifying germs as being responsible for most contagious diseases?

Answer 24

Louis Pasteur

Question 25

Which of the following scientists was responsible for the discovery of antibiotics?

Answer 25

Alexander Fleming

Question 26

The rapid decline in deaths due to tuberculosis beginning about the turn of the 20th century was best correlated with which of the following?

Answer 26

Filtering water supplies, discovery of streptomycin, widespread use of vaccinations, disvocery of pasteurization process.

Question 27

Which of the following reasons is responsible for why pathogens are capable of rapid evolutionary change?

Answer 27

high mutation rates

Question 28

The 1918 flu pandemic killed approximately ________________ people worldwide.

Answer 28

50-100 million

Question 29

During the 1918 flu pandemic, death rates for 15-34 year old individuals in the U.S. were __________ as many as in previous years.

Answer 29

20 times

Question 30

Which of the following is not an impact of antibiotic resistance?

Answer 30

increased rates of treatment failure

Question 31

How much faster than humans do influenza viruses evolve?

Answer 31

1,000,000 x

Question 32

How many new classes of antibiotics have been discovered since 1987?

Answer 32

2

Question 33

Approximately what percent of all antibiotics produced are used on factory farm animals (meat production)?

Answer 33

80

Question 34

What percentage of beef sampled from grocery stores across the country were found to be contaminated with antibiotic resistant Enterococcus faecalis?

Answer 34

) 55

Question 35

In 2011, what percentage of chicken sampled from grocery stores across the country were contaminated with antibiotic resistant Salmonella?

Answer 35

75

Question 36

What percentage of Americans (U.S. citizens) are overweight or obese?

Answer 36

65

Question 37

Which of the following diseases have been connected with the over-consumption of sugar?

Answer 37

type II diabetes, certain cancers, arthritis, and heart disease.

Question 38

Adults with arthritis are how much more likely to be obese than those without arthritis?

Answer 38

54%

Question 39

In a single gene (monohybrid) cross between a homozygous dominant individual and a homozygous recessive individual, what is the genotype ratio?

Answer 39

4:0 (all are heterozygous)

Question 40

Malignant cells are often the product of which of the following?

Answer 40

multiple, sequential mutations in a cell that allow the cell is able to bypass normal replication controls

Question 41

``` U.S. citizens take in what percentage of their total calories as processed foods (added oils, sugars, refined grains)? ``` SDFDS

Answer 41

63

Question 42

Which of the following best describes what sugar consumption worldwide has done over the past 50 years? sdfds

Answer 42

it has tripled