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biology > inheritance, variation, evolution > Flashcards

inheritance, variation, evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are chromosomes

A

long molecules of DNA

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2
Q

what shape is DNA

A

double helix

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3
Q

what is DNA

A

a polymer, a chemical that all the genetic material is made up of

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4
Q

what do genes code for?

A

specific proteins

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5
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of DNA found in a chromosome

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6
Q

what is a genome?

A

entire set of genetic material in an organism

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7
Q

what letters are used in the code for proteins by genes? say in their pairs

A

C&G. A&T

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8
Q

what is an mRNA?

A

carries code to the ribsomes as proteins are made in the cytoplasm and DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell, it acts as a messenger

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9
Q

what are three functions of proteins?

A

enzymes
hormone
structural proteins

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10
Q

what is a nucleotide make up of?

A

phosphate, base, pentose sugar

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11
Q

what do the non coding parts of DNA do?

A

switches the gene on and off to control whether the gene is expressed (make a protein)

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12
Q

how may letter in one code

A

three, codes in triplets

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13
Q

what are mutations?

A

changes to genetic code

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14
Q

name three different types of mutations

A

insertions, deletions, substitutions

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15
Q

what does sexual production produce?

A

genetically different cells

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16
Q

what does asexual reproduction produce?

A

genetically identical cells

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17
Q

positives of sexual reproduction?

A

produces variation

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18
Q

positives is asexual reproduction?

A

one parent needed, quicker, less effort, offspring have positive characteristics

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19
Q

examples of things that use asexual and sexual reproduction

A

strawberries
many fungi
malarial parasites

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20
Q

what is meiosis

A

only happens in gametes, produces cells which have half the normal num of chromosomes

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21
Q

what chromosomes do you have if you’re male?

A

X&Y

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22
Q

what chromosomes do you have if you’re female?

A

X&X

23
Q

what is an allele?

A

different type of the same gene, can either be recessive or dominant

24
Q

what is heterozygous?

A

different types of alleles or gene eg: Bb

25
Q

what is homozygous?

A

the same type of allele or gene eg: bb

26
Q

what is genotype?

A

the genes that a person has

27
Q

what is phenotype?

A

the outcome that gene combination of gene is

28
Q

what is cystic fibrosis?

A

a disease of the cell membrane where people produce a think sticky mucus which coats their airways and lungs.

29
Q

what sort of genetic combination is Cystic Fibrosis?

A

recessive eg:
CC means you have it
Cc means you’re a carrier

30
Q

what is polydactyly?

A

when you are born with more than one finger or toes on each hand and foot

31
Q

what sort of genetic condition is Polydactyly?

A

dominant allele
eg: if you have Pp, you have it
if you have PP you have it
if you have pp you don’t have it

32
Q

embryos can be screened for genetic disorders, give a positive and negative view on this matter.

A

positive: help people suffering, help decide whether to have children or now
negative: screening is expensive, killing potential life, picking more ‘desirable baby’

33
Q

what is variation?

A

name given to the differences between individuals of the same species

34
Q

what is the theory of evolution?

A

all species of living things have evolved from simple life forms that first developed more than three billion years ago

35
Q

what is Mendel discover?

A

he was a monk that discovered about the difference of the offspring to the parents in plants (recessive and dominant alleles)

36
Q

who came up with the theory of evolution ?

A

Charles darwin

37
Q

what is a species?

A

a group of organisms able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

38
Q

what are the two main barriers of isolation for speciation?

A

geological

ecological

39
Q

what is speciation?

A

the development of a new species

40
Q

who explained speciation? and what else did he figure out?

A

Alfred Russell Wallace

he also developed the idea of warning colouration in animals and independently of Darwin cane up w the same theory

41
Q

what is selective breeding?

A

when humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics

42
Q

what is genetic engineering? and give an example explaining how it works

A

GM means genetically modified, for example ‘golden rice’

two genes of a daffodil (for vit A) and one gene of a bacterium (for rapid reproduction) fused in w the gene of the actual rice

43
Q

name two ways plants can be cloned

A

cuttings

tissue culture

44
Q

what is the process of cuttings?

A

cut the meristem off an adult plant and plant that bit in a pot

45
Q

what is the process of tissue culture?

A

take scrapes off the leaf of an adult plant and plant it in agar gel (containing nutrients and auxins) this will then make the meristem tissue grow and you then plant that into a pot. You can make more plants this way

46
Q

explain adult cell cloning (dolly the sheep)

A

take a body cell from one sheep and an embryo cell from another and enucleate the embryo cell and fuse the embryo cell and body cell together. This then duplicates many times and forms an embryo that can then be placed in a carrier sheep to then give birth to the clone of the sheep with the body cell.

47
Q

explain embryo cloning.

A

take an embryo (identical cells) and spilt all the cells apart. Then let those cells duplicate many times to form new embryos, then place each embryo in a different carrier resulting in loads of clones being born

48
Q

give three reasons for extinction

A

natural disasters, new preditors, disease

49
Q

what are fossils and what do they do?

A

they are remains of plants and animals that give evidence of early forms of life on earth

50
Q

name the four ways fossils are made

A

footprints
bones (hard parts)
mound and cast
dead animal stuck in amber (cell sap)

51
Q

explain the mould and cast method

A

animal falls in river

  • fish etc eat flesh leaving only bone
  • over years sediment piles on top of the bones compressing them further into the ground
  • eventually ground water washes away bones leaving a hole
  • ground water places sediment in the hole filling it
  • due to earthquakes or mountain rise the fossil is moved to the surface of the earth
  • people like a palaeontologist sees it
52
Q

what is the Linnaean System?

A
  • Kingdom. King
  • Phylum. Prawn
  • Class. Curry
  • Order. Or
  • Family. Fat
  • Genus. Greasy
  • Species. Sausages
53
Q

what are Woeses three domain system made up of?

A

archaea
bacteria
eukaryota

54
Q

who stated that inheritance was passed onto offspring as the characteristic became more developed due to regular use

A

Lamark

biology (3 decks)

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