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inheritance, variation, evolution Flashcards

1
Q

what are chromosomes

A

long molecules of DNA

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2
Q

what shape is DNA

A

double helix

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3
Q

what is DNA

A

a polymer, a chemical that all the genetic material is made up of

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4
Q

what do genes code for?

A

specific proteins

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5
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of DNA found in a chromosome

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6
Q

what is a genome?

A

entire set of genetic material in an organism

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7
Q

what letters are used in the code for proteins by genes? say in their pairs

A

C&G. A&T

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8
Q

what is an mRNA?

A

carries code to the ribsomes as proteins are made in the cytoplasm and DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell, it acts as a messenger

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9
Q

what are three functions of proteins?

A

enzymes
hormone
structural proteins

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10
Q

what is a nucleotide make up of?

A

phosphate, base, pentose sugar

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11
Q

what do the non coding parts of DNA do?

A

switches the gene on and off to control whether the gene is expressed (make a protein)

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12
Q

how may letter in one code

A

three, codes in triplets

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13
Q

what are mutations?

A

changes to genetic code

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14
Q

name three different types of mutations

A

insertions, deletions, substitutions

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15
Q

what does sexual production produce?

A

genetically different cells

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16
Q

what does asexual reproduction produce?

A

genetically identical cells

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17
Q

positives of sexual reproduction?

A

produces variation

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18
Q

positives is asexual reproduction?

A

one parent needed, quicker, less effort, offspring have positive characteristics

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19
Q

examples of things that use asexual and sexual reproduction

A

strawberries
many fungi
malarial parasites

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20
Q

what is meiosis

A

only happens in gametes, produces cells which have half the normal num of chromosomes

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21
Q

what chromosomes do you have if you’re male?

A

X&Y

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22
Q

what chromosomes do you have if you’re female?

23
Q

what is an allele?

A

different type of the same gene, can either be recessive or dominant

24
Q

what is heterozygous?

A

different types of alleles or gene eg: Bb

25
what is homozygous?
the same type of allele or gene eg: bb
26
what is genotype?
the genes that a person has
27
what is phenotype?
the outcome that gene combination of gene is
28
what is cystic fibrosis?
a disease of the cell membrane where people produce a think sticky mucus which coats their airways and lungs.
29
what sort of genetic combination is Cystic Fibrosis?
recessive eg: CC means you have it Cc means you’re a carrier
30
what is polydactyly?
when you are born with more than one finger or toes on each hand and foot
31
what sort of genetic condition is Polydactyly?
dominant allele eg: if you have Pp, you have it if you have PP you have it if you have pp you don’t have it
32
embryos can be screened for genetic disorders, give a positive and negative view on this matter.
positive: help people suffering, help decide whether to have children or now negative: screening is expensive, killing potential life, picking more ‘desirable baby’
33
what is variation?
name given to the differences between individuals of the same species
34
what is the theory of evolution?
all species of living things have evolved from simple life forms that first developed more than three billion years ago
35
what is Mendel discover?
he was a monk that discovered about the difference of the offspring to the parents in plants (recessive and dominant alleles)
36
who came up with the theory of evolution ?
Charles darwin
37
what is a species?
a group of organisms able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
38
what are the two main barriers of isolation for speciation?
geological | ecological
39
what is speciation?
the development of a new species
40
who explained speciation? and what else did he figure out?
Alfred Russell Wallace | he also developed the idea of warning colouration in animals and independently of Darwin cane up w the same theory
41
what is selective breeding?
when humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics
42
what is genetic engineering? and give an example explaining how it works
GM means genetically modified, for example ‘golden rice’ two genes of a daffodil (for vit A) and one gene of a bacterium (for rapid reproduction) fused in w the gene of the actual rice
43
name two ways plants can be cloned
cuttings | tissue culture
44
what is the process of cuttings?
cut the meristem off an adult plant and plant that bit in a pot
45
what is the process of tissue culture?
take scrapes off the leaf of an adult plant and plant it in agar gel (containing nutrients and auxins) this will then make the meristem tissue grow and you then plant that into a pot. You can make more plants this way
46
explain adult cell cloning (dolly the sheep)
take a body cell from one sheep and an embryo cell from another and enucleate the embryo cell and fuse the embryo cell and body cell together. This then duplicates many times and forms an embryo that can then be placed in a carrier sheep to then give birth to the clone of the sheep with the body cell.
47
explain embryo cloning.
take an embryo (identical cells) and spilt all the cells apart. Then let those cells duplicate many times to form new embryos, then place each embryo in a different carrier resulting in loads of clones being born
48
give three reasons for extinction
natural disasters, new preditors, disease
49
what are fossils and what do they do?
they are remains of plants and animals that give evidence of early forms of life on earth
50
name the four ways fossils are made
footprints bones (hard parts) mound and cast dead animal stuck in amber (cell sap)
51
explain the mould and cast method
animal falls in river - fish etc eat flesh leaving only bone - over years sediment piles on top of the bones compressing them further into the ground - eventually ground water washes away bones leaving a hole - ground water places sediment in the hole filling it - due to earthquakes or mountain rise the fossil is moved to the surface of the earth - people like a palaeontologist sees it
52
what is the Linnaean System?
- Kingdom. King - Phylum. Prawn - Class. Curry - Order. Or - Family. Fat - Genus. Greasy - Species. Sausages
53
what are Woeses three domain system made up of?
archaea bacteria eukaryota
54
who stated that inheritance was passed onto offspring as the characteristic became more developed due to regular use
Lamark

biology (3 decks)

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