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GCSE Biology Paper 2 > Inheritance, Variation, and Evolution > Flashcards

Inheritance, Variation, and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction that only involves one parent and no fusion of gametes.

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2
Q

How do strawberry plants reproduce?

A

They send out long roots called runners which touch the ground and grow a new plant.

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3
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction that involves sperm and egg cells in animals or pollen and egg cells in plants.

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4
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The process of forming gametes.

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5
Q

What happens when a cell divides of meiosis?

A

Copies of the genetic information are made, and the cell divides twice to form four gametes.

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6
Q

How many chromosomes does each reproductive cell contain?

A

23.

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7
Q

How many chromosomes does a fertilised egg cell contain?

A

46.

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8
Q

What happens after an egg is fertilised?

A

The cell divides rapidly by mitosis and cells become specialsed.

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9
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Variation, selective breeding.

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10
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reporduction?

A

Only one parent needed, time and energy efficient.

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11
Q

What is DNA?

A

The chemical that makes up the genetic material of the nucleus in a cell.

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12
Q

What is DNA contained in?

A

Chromosomes.

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13
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome.

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14
Q

What do genes do?

A

Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein.

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15
Q

What is a genome?

A

The genetic material of an organism.

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16
Q

The whole human genome has been studied; in what ways will this have important uses in the future?

A

Doctors can search for genes linked to different types of disorder and scientists can investigate how humans have changed over time.

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17
Q

What type of structure is DNA?

A

A polymer.

18
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Repeating units called nucleotides.

19
Q

What is each nucleotide made up of?

A

A sugar, a phosphate, and one of four bases (A, C, G or T).

20
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

Double helix.

21
Q

Describe the structure of DNA.

A

Each molecule of DNA has two alternating sugar and phosphate strands, which are twisted to form a double helix. Attached to each sugar is on of the four bases.

22
Q

What holds the two strands together?

A

The attraction between different bases (C and G are always opposing each other and A and T are always opposing each other).

23
Q

What is the code for one amino acid?

A

A sequence of three bases.

24
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change is DNA structure.

25
Q

What can happen when a mutation occurs?

A

If the mutation changes any of the bases in the DNA, the order of amino acids in the protein coded by that gene may change. This could change the shape of the protein or make it weaker.

26
Q

What is an allele?

A

The different forms of a gene.

27
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The combination of alleles present in a gene.

28
Q

What is the phenotype?

A

How the alleles are expressed (what characteristic appears), for example blue eyes.

29
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

When the two alleles present are the same.

30
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

When the two alleles present are different.

31
Q

What is monohybrid inheritance?

A

Most characteristics are controlled by several genes working together. Monohybrid inheritance is when only gene is involved.

32
Q

Give two examples of genetic disorders.

A

Polydactyly (having extra fingers or toes) and cystic fibrosis (a disorder of cell membranes).

33
Q

What are the sex chromosomes in females?

A

XX

34
Q

What are the sex chromosomes in males?

A

XY

35
Q

What is evolution?

A

The gradual change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time.

36
Q

What is natural selection?

A

A theory of Charles Darwin’s that is supported by a lot of scientists.

37
Q

What is the name of the theorist who believed in the idea that changes that occur in an organism during its lifetime can be inherited?

A

Lamarck.

38
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

It involves changing the characteristics of an organism by introducing a new gene from another organism.

39
Q

What does GM stand for?

A

Genetically modified.

40
Q

What is a clone?

A

A genetically identical indivual.

GCSE Biology Paper 2 (3 decks)

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