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Biology Paper 2 > Inheritance and Evolution pt2 > Flashcards

Inheritance and Evolution pt2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an Ecosystem?

A

a unit consisting of a community of living organisms

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2
Q

what is a biotic component?

A

living organisms

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3
Q

what is an abiotic component?

A

The physical aspects of an ecosystem

they provide the elements which all living organisms consist

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4
Q

What are the biotic factors?

A

Producers
Consumer
Saprobionts

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5
Q

What is a producer?

A

plants - convert light energy into chemical energy

form the organic basis of all food chains

molecules produced by photosynthesis are consumed by other organisms

  • are photoautographic
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6
Q

What is a consumer?

A

break down large insoluble organic compounds into smaller soluble molecules which are used to provide energy for growth

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7
Q

What is a primary consumer?

A

herbivores

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8
Q

What are secondary, tertiary consumers?

A

carnivores

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9
Q

What are Saprobionts?

A

bacteria and fungi which break down dead organisms and are essential for the recycling of nutrients in the environment

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10
Q

What abiotic factors affects size and population?

A

light
pH
temperature
water
oxygen
co2

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11
Q

what forms a community?

A

different populations

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12
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

a community and abiotic components together

they support a a certain size of population of species called carrying capacity

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13
Q

what is a niche

A

an organism is abiotic requirement in the habitat and its position in the food web

  • description of how organisms fit into the ecosystem
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14
Q

how can you estimate the size of a stationary population?

A

using quadrats

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15
Q

describe random sampling

A

area is divided into a grif

Coordinates are selected using a random number generator and a quadrat is placed

large number of quadrants must be used so results are representative

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16
Q

when would you use transects?

A

When measuring the abundance of organisms over an area where changes in the community occur

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17
Q

Describe how a belt transect is used

A

The table went along the ground in a straight line

At regular intervals, a Quadat is laid down and species within are counted

The frequency of species is recorded

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18
Q

which calculations can you use to measure the abundance of an organism?

A

using it’s frequency or percentage cover

19
Q

How can you measure a frequency of an organism?

A
  • The likelihood of a particular species occurring in a quadrat

OR

-The number of individuals in each quadrant

20
Q

How do you calculate percentage cover?

A

estimated by eye

The proportion of the ground area covered by the stems/leaves of the species

21
Q

How can you calculate the mean density of species in a study area?

A

total number of individuals counted
—————————————————
no. if quadrats x area of each quadrat

22
Q

How can you calculate population size?

A

Multiplying the mean density by the total area

23
Q

What is the mark release recapture method used for?

A

estimate the population of mobile animals

24
Q

describe the mark recapture method

A
  • Capture a representative sample of organisms in a population and record the number and mark them
    (mark in a way which doesn’t affect survival)
  • release back into habitat and leave them for suitable period of time to let them mix randomly
  • Capture a second sample I count the number of marked individuals
25
Q

how do you calculate population size after market release recapture?

A

no. in first sample x no. in second sample
————————————————————
no. marked in second sample

26
Q

What are assumptions does the mark release recapture method rely on?

A
  • organisms mix randomly
  • sufficient time must pass between capture and recapture to allow random mixing, less mobile the species longer the timelapse
  • organisms disperse evenly
  • changes of population due to immigration births/deaths are negligible
  • marking does not hinder movement/survival
27
Q

What can affect the size of populations in an ecosystem?

A
  • The effect of abiotic factors
  • Interactions between organisms
  • intra- inter- specific competition
  • Predation
28
Q

How does light affect population size?

A

affects photosynthesis and number and diversity of plant species

therefore, the number and type of consumers and ecosystem

29
Q

How does pH affect population size?

A

affects activity of enzymes

Acidic and alkaline soils favour the growth of specific plant species

30
Q

How does temperature affect population size?

A

metabolic processes (respiration/photosynthesis) all controlled by enzymes

  • Low temperatures are a limiting factor for photosynthesis
  • High temperatures can cause enzyme denaturation
  • In aquatic habitat and increasing temperature reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen available
31
Q

What is a mutualistic relationship?

A

A relationship were two organism and benefit from the association

32
Q

What causes small communities?

A

harsh habitats and extreme abiotic factors

These mean that only few species can survive

33
Q

What causes an unstable ecosystem?

A

When species diversity is low as the food web is limited

34
Q

What causes a stable ecosystem?

A

greater diversity as there’s more resources available at each trophic level

the loss of one species will have a limited effect on the ecosystem

35
Q

what is an inter specific competition?

A

competition between different species

Plants compete for light and soil etc

animals compete for the same prey and water supply etc

36
Q

what is intra specific competition?

A

competition within the same species

More intense as organisms are competing for identical resources can we stop this?

37
Q

What is Predation

A

an interspecific interaction

Predator/prey relationships are important in controlling population size

increasing prey results in a larger predator population

but as prey ate consumed their population size begins to fall then but it’s a population decreases

38
Q

What happens if a particular prey is removed from an ecosystem?

A

it disrupts feeding relationships as the predator will then feed on another prey species

39
Q

What is primary succession?

A

The gradual change in plant/animal communities

from colonisation by Pioneer species to the climate community

40
Q

outline primary sucession

A
  • pioneers species colonise an area (lichens or algae)
  • when they die, they decompose and for mineral rich soil for the next group to colonise the area
  • new species outcompete the old organisms and change the environment making it more suitable for others ( making soil more fertile)
  • each of these different communities is considered part of a succession, each stage species change their abiotic environment
  • A series of more complex species will colonise the area eventually a climate communities formed
  • As the number/complexity of plant species increase theres an increase in the variety of niches/food resources with resulting changes in animal populations
  • Stability/diversity increases as food will become more complex
41
Q

Why may climax community not be established?

A

agricultural practices, e.g. grazing crop production ploughing, etc

  • natural events such as fires/floods can also prevent succession
42
Q

What is grazing?

A

seedlings of plants are continually eaten preventing any succession beyond grassland

43
Q

What is ploughing?

A

seedlings are broken up and buried preventing germination

seeds of crops species are then sown

use of herbicides maintains an established community

Biology Paper 2 (3 decks)

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