Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A mutation is a permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

Mutations happen continuously and normally only slightly affect proteins or don’t affect them at all.

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2
Q

Name an example of when a mutation is detrimental to protein function:

A

In enzymes, the substrate may no longer be able to bind to the active site. In structural proteins, their strength may be reduced.

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3
Q

What type of advantage can mutations possibly create?

A

More rarely, a mutation may give a SURVIVAL advantage, such as resistance to an antibiotic in bacteria.

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4
Q

What are Alleles?

A

Alleles are different forms of the same genes.

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5
Q

A _______ allele is always expressed, regardless of the identity of the other allele.

A

Dominant

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6
Q

A _________ allele is only expressed if the other allele is also ________.

A

Recessive

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7
Q

How are dominant alleles represented?

A

Upper case letter

e.g ‘B’ for brown eyes

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8
Q

How are recessive alleles represented?

A

Lower case letter
e.g ‘b’. It needs two copies to be present to be expressed (bb).

If b is the allele for blue eyes:
- A person can only have blue eyes if both their alleles are b.

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9
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

A phenotype is an observed characteristic of an individual.

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10
Q

What is the phenotype is determined by?

A

The phenotype is determined by the interaction between the genotype and the environment.

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11
Q

What is an example of a phenotype?

A

Earlobes being attached or free is an example of a phenotype, where the alleles present will determine a characteristic, unless the environment interferes.

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12
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Genotype refers to the combination of alleles an organism has.

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13
Q

If the two alleles are different, what do we say the person is?

A

We say that the person is heterozygous. (Bb)

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14
Q

If the two alleles are the same, what do we say the person is?

A

We say that the person is homozygous (BB or bb)

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