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A2 Biology 2 > Inheritance > Flashcards

Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of gene

A

Sequence of DNA that occupies a specific locus on a chromosome and codes for a polypeptide

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2
Q

Definition of allele

A

A varied nucleotide sequence for a particular gene

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3
Q

What is monohybrid inheritance?

A

Inheritance of a single gene

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4
Q

Test cross

A

Individual has phenotype of dominant characteristic but genotype is unknown
Crossed with an individual that is homozygous recessive

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5
Q

What is co dominance

A

Both alleles are expressed individually

Blood groups

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6
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Phenotype is a intermediate between two parent phenotypes

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7
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Maternal and paternal chromosomes mix with each other in any combination at metaphase 1 of meiosis

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8
Q

What is dihybrid inheritance?

A

Simultaneous inheritance of two unlinked genes

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9
Q

What is the null hypothesis for the chi test?

A

There is no difference between the observed and expected results
Any deviation is due to chance

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10
Q

What is a hermaphrodite?

A

Flowers make both pollen and ovules

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11
Q

Monoecious plants

A

Separate male and female flowers on the same plant

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12
Q

Dioecious plants

A

Separate male and female individuals

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13
Q

Factors controlling whether an individual is male or female

A
  • Temperature
  • Sequential hermaphroditism
  • can become hermaphrodite and fertilise itself
  • hierarchy
  • ploidy level
  • chromosome structure
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14
Q

Definition of mutation

A

A change in quantity or structure of the DNA of an organism

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15
Q

When is the cell cycle do mutations occur?

A

DNA replication in s phase

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16
Q

What increases the rate of mutations?

A
  • ionising radiation

- mutagenic chemicals

17
Q

4 ways mutations occur

A
  • gene or point mutation
  • chromosome mutation
  • anueploidy
  • polyploidy
18
Q

What is a gene point mutation?

A

DNA polymerase changes the base sequence

19
Q

How can gene point mutations occur?

A
  • addition
  • duplication
  • subtraction
  • substitution
20
Q

What is non disjunction

A

Faulty spindle can result in chromosomes not being shared equally between daughter cells. One receives 2 copies of a chromosome while the other receives none.

21
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

Have more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes

22
Q

How does polyploidy arise?

A
  • chromosomes move to same pole
  • 2 diploid gametes fuse
  • endomitosis- replication of chromosomes not followed by cytokinesis
23
Q

Why is polyploidy more common in plants?

A
  • reproduce asexually

- hermaphrodite

24
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Changes to gene expression but not the DNA nucleotide sequence

A2 Biology 2 (5 decks)

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