Inheritance Flashcards
Gene
a length of … on a … that codes for a specific …
DNA
Chromosome
Polypeptide
Locus
a specific position on a … where a … is located
Chromosome
Gene
Alleles
… forms of the same …
Different
Gene
Co-dominant
alleles that are … expressed in a …
Equally
Heterozygote
Phenotype
… of an organism from both its … & the effects of the …
Characteristic
Genotype
Environment
Genotype
… make up of an organism
i.e. it’s …
Genetic
Alleles
Homozygous
both alleles for a gene are …
Identical
Heterozygous
both alleles for a gene are …
Different
F1 generation
the … of the parents in a …
Offspring
Genetic cross
F2 generation
offspring of an F1 plant that is …
OR
… between 2 members of the … generation
Self fertilised
Cross
F1
Sex chromosomes
chromosomes that determine the … of an organism
Sex
Autosomes
chromosomes that are not … chromosomes
Sex
Principles of Mendelian Inheritance
… studied inheritance of characteristics in … plants because they are … to grow & have many distinguishable…
Gregor Mendel
Pea
Easy
Characteristics
Monohybrid Inheritance
inheritance of a single …
Gene
Dihybrid Inheritance
inheritance of … characteristics
2
Important of Meiosis
meiosis brings about … in … reproduced offspring
3 ways:
- fusion of … - 2 haploid gametes fuse during … which created a unique … combination
- … assortment - homologous chromosomes are … distributed during … I so daughter cells contain varied combinations of …
- … over - … I, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material at the … - new … & separates … genes
Variation
Sexually
1) gametes
Fertilisation
Genetic
2) independent
Randomly metaphase
Chromosomes
3) crossing
Prophase
Chiasmata
Combinations
Linked
Sex Linkage
… on the X/Y …
x = …, carries more … than Y
fathers pass X linked traits to …, mothers can pass to both son & daughter
Y linked traits only appear in …
Y chromosomes has no …
Genes
Chromosome
Larger
Genes
Daughters
Males
Alleles
Genetic Traits
= characteristics of an organism as a result of … expression and/or the …
Gene
Environment
Sex linked RECESSIVE alleles are:
carried on … sex chromosome
expressed in females if both X chromosome carry the … (homozygous recessive)
always expressed in … - Y chromosome does not have homologous … for the gene
X
Allele
Male
Loci
Mutations
= change in the …/… of genetic material (DNA/RNA) in a cell
They are:
…
Source of …
Occur during … over (prophase I) or … (anaphase)
Amount
Sequence
Spontaneous
Variation
Crossing
Disjunction
Gene mutation
= change in the … of genetic material at a single …
e.g. sickle cell anaemia
Sequence
Loci
Chromosome mutation
= change in the … of … in a organisms
- polyploid - additional complete … of chromosomes
e.g. wheat - additional chromosomes - … (anaphase), pair of … chromosomes fail to …
e.g. Down syndrome
Number
Chromosomes
Sets
Non-disjunction
Homologous
Seperate
Gene vs Chromosomal Mutation
Gene - affects single … in a gene
Chromosomal - affect multiple …
Base
Genes
Mutagens
… rate of mutation
by:
- ionising … e.g. gamma, UV, x-ray
- … e.g. polycyclic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke
Increase
Radiation
chemicals
Carcinogens
= a … that causes …
Mutagen
Cancer
Oncogenes
= cause … cell … - forms …
protons-oncogenes can … to become oncogenes
Increase
Division
Cancer
Mutate
Gene Expression
information from a … that is used to synthesise a … product e.g. protein
Gene
Functional
Epigenetics
control of gene … by factors other than change in the DNA …
e.g. the environments
Expressions
Sequence
Explain why some offspring phenotypes are more common and some can be rarer than EXPECTED
common phenotypes are due to …
rarer phenotypes are due to … over
Linkage
Crossing over
What cross is used to test whether an organism has the correct genotype?
… cross
(Cross with … …)
Test
Homozygous recessive
Null Hypothesis
there is no … difference between the … & … numbers
Significant
Observed
Expected
Accept Null Hypothesis
because chi^2 is … than the … value (at 0.05)
Deviation is due to … alone
Less
Critical
Chance
Reject Null Hypothesis
because chi^2 is … than the … value (at 0.05)
deviation is … due to … alone - external factors
Greater
Critical
Not
Chance
Explain how a mutation can cause a change in an organisms phenotype
- Change in … sequence of a …
- which can cause a change in … structure
- Which may render is …, gain/lose … function, or have no effect (…)
- Altered protein can cause a change to an organism’s …
Base
Gene
Protein
Non-functional
Original
Silent
Phenotype
