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Biology > Inheritance > Flashcards

Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define a chromosome

A

Made of DNA and contains genetic information in the form of genes.

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2
Q

Define a Gene

A

A length of DNA which codes for a protein.

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3
Q

Define an allele

A

It is an alternative form of a gene

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4
Q

Explain the sequence basis in a gene

A

The sequence bases in a gene determine the sequence of amino acids used to make a specific protein.

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4
Q

Explain different sequences of amino acids

A

Different sequences of amino acids give different shapes to protein molecules.

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5
Q

Explain DNA

A

DNA controls the cell function by controlling the production of proteins including enzymes , receptors for neurotransmitters and membrane carriers.

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6
Q

What does DNA contain

A

2 long strands
4 nucleotides
Bases: AT CG

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7
Q

What bases does mRNA

A

AU & CG

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8
Q

Where does protein synthesis happen

A

Protein synthesis occurs outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm

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9
Q

What 2 processes does protein synthesis go through

A
  • Transcription (rewriting of bases of DNA for bases for RNA)
  • Translation (
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10
Q

How are proteins made

A
  • the gene coding for the protein is made in the nucleus
  • the messages RNA is a copy of a gene
  • the mRNA is made in the nucleus and moves out into the cytoplasm
  • the mRNA molecules pass through the ribosomes
  • the ribosomes assemble the amino acids into protein molecules
  • the specific sequence of bases of amino acids are determined y the sequence of bases in the mRNA.
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11
Q

Explain most body cells

A

Most body cells contain the same genes but many genes in a particular cell are not expressed because the cell only makes specific proteins it needs.

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12
Q

Explain haploid nucleus + examples

A

A nucleus containing a single set of chromosomes
- e.g sperm , egg

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13
Q

Explain diploid nucleus

A

A nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes.
- e.g. body cells

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14
Q

In a ______ cell there is a ____ of each type of chromosomes and in a human _______ cell there are ___ pairs.

A

Diploid
Pair
Diploid
23

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15
Q

Explain mitosis

A

Mitosis is the nucleus division giving a rise to genetically identical cells.

16
Q

Role of mitosis

A

Growth - in animals , each tissue provides new cells when needed.

Replacement of cells -e.g. when you have a cut and new cells are generated to cover the wound.

Repair of damaged cells - of worn cells

Asexual reproduction- in plants

17
Q

When does replication occur in mitosis

A

The exact replication of chromosomes occurs before mitosis.

18
Q

What happens during mitosis

A

The copies of chromosomes separate maintaining the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell.

19
Q

Describe stem cells

A

Stem cells are unspecialized cells that divide through mitosis and produce daughter cells that become specialized for a specific function.

20
Q

What process is meiosis involved in

A

It is involved in the production of gametes.

21
Q

What is inheritance?

A

Inheritance is the genetic transmission from generation to generation

22
Q

What is meiosis

A

Meiosis is a reduction in the chromosome number where it is halved from diploid to haploid producing genetically different cells.

23
Q

Describe genotype

A

The genetic makeup in an organism and in terms of the alleles present

24
Q

Describe a phenotype

A

The observable features of an organism.

25
Q

Describe a dominant allele and what it looks like

A

An allele that is expressed if it is present in the genotype
Capital letters

26
Q

Describe a recessive allele

A

An allele only expressed if there is dominant allele present of a particular gene , present in the genotype.

27
Q

How do you identify an unknown genotype

A

Test crosses

28
Q

What is the layout of a punnet square

A

Parents phenotype
Parents genotypes
Parents gametes (circle around each gamete )
Offspring genotypes (the square)
Ratios

29
Q

What is a punnet square used for.

A

As a result of more than one genotypes is present to work out and show possible genotypes

30
Q

Describe co-dominance

A

A situation where bit alleles are expressed and play a part in the phenotype of a heterozygous and both of these alleles are dominant.

31
Q

Describe the blood group of AB

A

IA IB both dominant alleles giving one blood group AB.

32
Q

What is a sex-linked gene characteristics

A

A feature where the responsible gene is present in the sex chromosome that will make it more common in one sex than the other.

33
Q

What type of sex-linked recessive disorders.

A

X-linked recessive disorders are more prone in men. E.g. they have color blindness also the y- allele is shorter than the x/

34
Q

What is used to predict results of mono-hybrid crosses, co-dominance, sex-linkage and calculate phenotypic ratios.

A

A genetic diagram.

Biology (5 decks)

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