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Heart and Circulation > Inherent Properties of the Heart > Flashcards

Inherent Properties of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main properties of the heart

A

CERC
Rhythmicity
Excitability
Conductivity
Contractibility

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2
Q

which ventricle does the most work in the heart, and why

A

Left Ventricle, pumps blood to most of the body

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3
Q

Which ventricle pumps blood to the lung

A

Right Ventricle

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4
Q

if there was an issue with blood supply to the lung, which chamber of the heart does this correspond with

A

Right Ventricle

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5
Q

what do you start losing after a MI

A

layers of the heart, heart becomes weaker

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6
Q

in histology, what are the main differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

Skeletal/Cardiac
not branched/branched
nice straight lengths/disorganised
lack of mitochondria/mitochondria

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7
Q

what are the 3 main layers of the heart

A

Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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8
Q

what is the most outer protective layer of the heart

A

Pericardium

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9
Q

what is the role of the pericardium

A

Prevents cardiac Distention and excessive movement
Lubricant

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10
Q

what is the middle layer of the heart

A

Myocardium

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11
Q

what is the role of the myocardium

A

synchronised contraction and relaxation of the heart

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12
Q

What is the innermost layer of the heart

A

Endocardium

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13
Q

what is the role of the endocardium

A

lines the heart
reduces friction of blood flow in chambers
conduction system

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14
Q

what is the layer in the heart the lining covering the trabeculae

A

Endocardium

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15
Q

what type of connective tissue lies between the pericardium and the myocardium

A

subendothelial layer - thin collagen fibres
Sub-cardiac layer - thick collagen fibres

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16
Q

which layer is the muscle layer

A

myocardium

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16
Q

STRUCTURES WITHIN A CARDIOMYOCYTE
The T tubules are always found at the ___ disks

A

Z

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17
Q

describe an intercalated disc

A

form the staircase pattern, they act as anchoring points for the muscle fibres (filaments)

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17
Q

layers of the heart from superficial to deep

A

Fibrous Pericardium
Serous Pericardium (parietal layer)
Space
Serous Pericardium (visceral layer)
Myocardium (muscle layer)
Endocardium

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18
Q

STRUCTURES WITHIN A CRADIOMYOCYTE
The T tubules are always found at the Z disks, points of attachment for the _____ ________

A

Thin filaments

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19
Q

what type of muscle is the cardiac muscle

A

striated

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20
Q

what type of cell is in abundance in a cardiac muscle

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

Ventricular myocytes are what kind of shaped

A

“brick shaped”

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22
Q

mitochondria are mainly situated next to what structure in the cardiomyocyte

A

A band (thick filament)

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23
Q

STRUCTURE OF CARDIOMYOCYTE
Cardiac fibres are ______

A

branched

24
Q

STRUCTURE OF CARDIOMYOCYTE
why are cardiac fibres branched?

A

creates meshwork to withstand high pressure
Intercalated discs provide strong mechanical adhesion
allows electrical conduct and depolarisation to flow over the heart rapidly
connected to more than one cell

25
Q

INTERCALATED DISC
Three main structures

A

Desmosome
Adherens Junction
Gap Junction

26
Q

what does the desmosome function as

A

function as a cell anchor

27
Q

what does the adherense junction function as

A

provide cell strength

28
Q

what does the gap junction function as

A

couples cell electrically and metabolically

29
Q

intercalated discs and branched myocytes both aid strength ______ and _______

A

contractility and conductivity

30
Q

fibres form cross ______ for efficient pumping and strength

A

cross helices

31
Q

Calcium and contraction
if you remove calcium, the heart loses the ability to ______ in cardiac muscle

A

contract

32
Q

calcium and contraction
in skeletal muscle , when Ca is removed what happens

A

can survive without Ca for 25 mins

33
Q

ion pumps require what to function

A

ATP

34
Q

why do Ion pumps require ATP

A

ions are driven by metabolic energy usually against their conc gradient

35
Q

in Ion exchangers/symports, how does it work

A

ions are driven by prevailing gradients (usually exploiting the energy in the transmembrane Na gradient)

36
Q

how do ion channels work

A

ions move down their conc gradient

37
Q

How is the electrical signal of the action potential sent to the intracellular Ca stores (the SR) to initiate Ca release. Where does this occur

A

At the dyad

38
Q

How is the electrical signal of the action potential sent to the intracellular Ca stores (the SR) to initiate Ca release. AP from adjacent cell travels down where

A

T tubule

39
Q

How is the electrical signal of the action potential sent to the intracellular Ca stores (the SR) to initiate Ca release. AP from adjacent cell travels down T tubule, and contains what

A

clusters of L-type Ca channels (voltage activated)

40
Q

How is the electrical signal of the action potential sent to the intracellular Ca stores (the SR) to initiate Ca release. AP from adjacent cell travels down T tubule, and contains clusters of L-type Ca channels (voltage activated), the SR membrane close to what

A

T tubule

41
Q

how is the electrical signal of the AP sent to the intracellular Ca stores (the SR) to initiate Ca release .
Ca release channels of the junctional are positioned under the Ca channels of the __ _____

A

T tubule

42
Q

how is the electrical signal of the AP sent to the intracellular Ca stores (the SR) to initiate Ca release .
Ca release channels of the junctional are positioned under the Ca channels of the T tubule, trigger SR calcium release from what receptors

A

Ryanodine

43
Q

relaxed sarcomere is measured at what

A

2um

44
Q

contracted sarcomere is measured as what

A

1.6um

45
Q

INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MYOFILAMENT PROTEINS
ATP releases myosin ____

A

head

46
Q

INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MYOFILAMENT PROTEINS
Tropomyosin helps the ______ move

A

troponin

47
Q

INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MYOFILAMENT PROTEINS
Mg allowed for the ______

A

disengagement

48
Q

ATP activates that myosin and Mg allows for the _______

A

disengagment

49
Q

Arrange the Troponin subunits

A

I
C
T

50
Q

Ca binds to the myofilaments (troponin __) to allow for what

A

Troponin C
to allow for cross bridge formation and contraxtion

51
Q

Briefly explain the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

A

Otto - peak systolic pressure in the frog heart is directly related to resting (diastolic) fibre length
Ernest-Starling: cardiac output is directly related to filing pressure

52
Q

increase resting tension = more strength of the heart = more ability for the heart to ______

A

contract (elastic band)

53
Q

The heart has how many ways to increase contraction

A

2

54
Q

what are the 2 ways to increase contraction

A

increasing sarcomere length causes
1. increased cross-bridge overlap
2. increased Ca sensitivity of myofilaments (troponin C)

55
Q

Cardiac cycle - the heart (pressure volume loop)
Relaxation of ventricles to allow ____

A

atrium to fill with blood

56
Q

what are the 5 letters in the ECG

A

P Q R S T

57
Q

what causes stretch on the heart (2)

A

preload
pressure from other organs lung/respiration

58
Q
A

Heart and Circulation (6 decks)

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