Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Inhalation Anesthesia 1 > Flashcards

Inhalation Anesthesia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Naming of covalent bonds is based on what?

A

How many bonds they share

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

1 Bond between Carbons is called what?

A

Alkane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 Bonds between carbons is called what?

A

Alkene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 bonds betweehn carbons is called what?

A

Alkyne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are ethers chemically unique?

A

Two or more carbons surrounding an oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

All inhalation agents have no more than how many carbon atoms?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What chemical structure property will effect how well the drug produces immobility?

A

The length of the molecule.

Longer than 4-5 carbons/bond it will lose some of its effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the shape and relationship of length to diameter of inhalation agents:

A

Shape is spherical/cylindrical with a length less than 1.5 times the diameter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the only modern inhaled anesthetic that is not a halogenated hydrocarbon?

A

Nitrous Oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the only Aliphatic used today?

A

Halothane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What group does isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane, and enflurane belong to?

A

They are all Ethers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is halogenation?

A

The addition of fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I) replaces one or more of the carbon atoms in the chemical structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is potency changed when an agent is halogenated?

A

Potency increases when lower atomic mass atom is exchanged with a higher atomic mass atom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are arrhythmogenic properties changed when an agent is halogenated?

A

Arrhythmogenic properties are increased when the agent is more halogenated (more substitutions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is flammability effected with halogenation?

A

Flammability is reduced when substituting hydrogens with halogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is chemical stability effected with halogenation?

A

Chemical stability is increased when hydrogens are substituted with halogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which inhaled anesthetic strongly resists biodegradation? and why?

A

Deflurane; because it’s only halogen is fluorine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which group in the Periodic Table of Elements are the halogens from?

A

Group 17

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is unique about the physical properties of all elements in Group 17?

A

At STP, this group contains elements that are in all three states of matter (solids, liquids, gases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which anesthetic gas has Bromine as a halogen?

A

Halothane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How many fluorine does Enflurane have?

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How many fluorine does sevoflurane have?

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many fluorine does desflurane have?

A

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many fluorine does isoflurane have?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which anesthetic gas has the only degradation rate of 5-8%

A

Sevoflurane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Does increasing or decreasing the number of fluorine atoms on an anesthetic molecule slow biodegradation?

A

Increasing slows it.

Ex: Desflurane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why is Halothane not being used actively anymore?

A

1:35,000 Hepatic injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of inhaled anesthetics in order chronilogically?

A
  1. Uptake (absorption phase).
  2. Biotransformation (Metabolic Phase).
  3. Elimination (excretion phase)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Of all the inhaled drugs we administer, which two are the only “true gases”?

A

N20 and O2.

All other agents are vapors or volatile liquids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Are inhaled anesthetics ionized or non-ionized?

A

Non-ionized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the desired site of action for inhaled anesthetics?

A

The Central nervous system

32
Q

Define general anesthesia:

A

Induce and sustain a state of unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, immobility.

33
Q

Do inhaled anesthetics eliminate pain?

A

No; do not have much effect on pain itself. They attenuate the stress response of painful stimuli (HR and BP). Can potentiate other analgesic medications

34
Q

As lipid solubility decreases, what happens to potency?

A

It decreases. They are directly proportional.

35
Q

What law is associated with lipid solubility and potency relationship?

A

Meyer-Overton Rule

36
Q

How can inhaled anesthetics be reversed/eliminated?

A

By application of pressure via a gradient. Administering 100%.

37
Q

As body temperature increases, what happens to anesthetic requirement?

A

Increases anesthetic requirement.

38
Q

What is the current hypothesis on inhaled anesthetic pharmacodynamics?

A

They work via diverse mechanisms at diverse sites of action.

39
Q

According to the current theory, what are the two main anatomical sites of action for inhaled anesthetics?

A

Supraspinal (brain) and spinal

40
Q

How much drug to cause effects of amnesia, unconsciousness, immobility, and sedation?

A

Least amount drug needed for amnesia.
Then sedation.
Then unconsciousness.
Most drug needed for immobility.

41
Q

What does the oil:gas coefficient tell us about an inhaled anesthetic?

A

How well the drug dissolves in a lipid which is a measure of potency. Higher the oil:gas coefficient, the higher the potency.

42
Q

What does the blood:gas coefficient tell us about an inhaled anesthetic?

A

How easily the drug dissolves in blood which is a measure of how quickly the drug will get to brain. The higher this number, the slower it takes for the brain to see it.

43
Q

How do inhaled anesthetics produce anesthesia?

A

Enhancing the function of inhibitory ion channels and by blocking the function of excitatory ion channels.

44
Q

What does enhancing of inhibitory ion channels do to the neuron?

A

It leads to hyperpolarization.

45
Q

What does blocking the function of excitatory ion channels prevent?

A

Prevents depolarization of the neuron by preventing passage of positive charges into the neuron.

46
Q

What are the two inhibitory ion channels?

A

Glycine and GABA

47
Q

Which inhibitory ion channel affects immobility and is located in spinal cord?

A

Glycine

48
Q

Which inhibitory ion channel is associated with hypnosis?

A

GABA

49
Q

Where are the GABA sites located?

A

In between the Alpha1 and Beta2

50
Q

What is an example of an excitatory channel?

A

Glutamate.

Ligand gated receptors NMDA

51
Q

Is immobility measurable?

A

Yes; through MAC

52
Q

How is immobility achieved with inhaled anesthetics?

A

Activation of descending noradrenergic pathways. Activation of these pathways inhibit nociceptive input in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

53
Q

How is amnesia achieved with inhaled anesthetics?

A

Supraspinal structures such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and cortex are considered highly probable targets of inhaled anesthetics.

54
Q

Does amnesia have a reliable measure?

A

No; there is no definitive way to ensure amnesia.

55
Q

At equilibrium of anesthetic gas, what is the PP of the lung in relation to the blood and the brain?

A

The Lung PP equals the Blood PP which equals the Brain PP

56
Q

Does a highly blood soluble drug get eliminated faster or slower?

A

Faster

ex: Nitrous Oxide

57
Q

Define Vapor pressure:

A

At equilibrium, the pressure exerted by the molecular collisions of the gas against the container walls.

58
Q

Is vapor pressure directly or inversely proportional to temperature?

A

It is directly proportional to temperature.

59
Q

For any mixture of gases in a closed container, each gas exerts a pressure proportional to its fractional mass. This is called its {blank}?

A

Partial pressure

60
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

The sum of the partial pressures of each gas in a mixture of a gases equals the total pressure of the entire mixture

61
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

The relationship of concentration of a gas with which the solution is in equilibrium

62
Q

Which Law applies to the movement to equilibrium?

A

Henry’s Law

63
Q

Which law applies to the PP of gases?

A

Dalton’s law

64
Q

Ptotal=Pgas1+Pgas2+Pgas3 is a representation of what?

A

Dalton’s Theory of partial pressures.

65
Q

What is the solubility coefficient?

A

For any gas in equilibrium with a liquid, a certain volume of that gas dissolves in a given volume of liquid.

66
Q

What is MAC of Nitrous Oxide?

A

104%

67
Q

What is MAC of sevoflurane?

A

2.2%

68
Q

What is MAC of desflurane?

A

6.0%

69
Q

What is MAC of isoflurane?

A

1.15%

70
Q

The concentration of each gas in a mixture of gases in solution depends on two things: what are they?

A
  1. Its partial pressure in the gas phase in equilibrium with the solution.
  2. Its solubility within that solution
71
Q

What is the most direct measurement of the Brain’s amount of an inhaled anesthetic?

A

End Tidal Percentage of the gas.

72
Q

Do inhaled anesthetics equilibrate based on their concentration or their partial pressures in each tissue?

A

Partial pressures

73
Q

Which inhaled anesthetic can be used for very large patients because it does not get “stuck” in the fat reservoirs?

A

Desflurane

74
Q

Distribution of cardiac output to different tissues:

Vessel-rich group, muscle, fat?

A

Vessel-rich group 10% body mass and 75% CO.

Muscle is 50% body mass and 19% CO. Fat is 20% body mass and 6% CO

75
Q

Fractional volume definition:

A

In the gas phase, fractional concentration (% by volume) is equal to the partial pressure divided by ambient pressure.

Pharmacology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions