Inhalation Anesthesia #1

Question 1

2 true gases used in anesthesia

Answer 1

Nitrous and Oxygen

Question 2

Other inhaled agents, besides O2 and N2O are known as

Answer 2

Lipids, Vapors, or Volatile Liquids

Question 3

All gases are __________

Answer 3

non ionized and have low molecular weight and delivered to the blood via the lungs

Question 4

The goal of inhalation anesthesia is to produce the anesthetic state by creating a specific concentration (MAC) of anesthesia molecules in the __________. This si done by establishing a _________ of an agent in the lungs, which then equilibrates with the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 4

central nervous system

partial pressure

Question 5

FI (inspired gas concentration) is determined by

Answer 5

FGF rate
breathing circuit volume
circuit absorption

Question 6

At equilibrium, CNS partial pressure will = _____, which will = ______

Answer 6

CNS partial pressure= blood partial pressure = alveolar partial pressure

Palveoli=Pblood=PCNS

Question 7

FA/FI ratio is the

Answer 7

degree to which the alveolar concentration of an anesthetic becomes closer to the inspired concentration of an anesthetic, expressed as a ratio

The rate at which the alveolar concentration of anesthetic equals the inspired concentration of anesthetic

Question 8

Three factors that affect FA/FI ratio

Answer 8

minute ventilation
blood:gas partition coefficient
cardiac output

Question 9

Cardiac output has a ______ relationship with speed of induction

Answer 9

inverse

Question 10

Sevo is _____% metabolized
Iso is _____% metabolized
Des is _____% metabolized

Answer 10

Sevo is 2 % metabolized
Iso is 0.2 % metabolized
Des is 0.02 % metabolized

Question 11

FA (alveolar gas concentration) is determined by

Answer 11

uptake
ventilation
the concentration effect and augmented inflow effect

Question 12

Fa (arterial gas concentration) is determined by

Answer 12

ventilation/perfusion mismatching

Question 13

The concentration effect is

Answer 13

administration of 2-3 times desired concentration of a gas until the desired depth of anesthesia is reached

Question 14

second gas law/ augmented inflow effect is

Answer 14

the simultaneous administration of a “slow” agent with a “fast” agent, theoretically can speed the onset of the slower agent
(theoretical concept, clinically insignificant)

Question 15

The ventilation effect is

Answer 15

the faster and more deeply a patient breathes or is ventilated the faster a patient loses consciousness at the start of the anesthetic.
Inhalation anesthetics move down a concentration gradient

Question 16

Normally, alveolar and arterial anesthetic partial pressures are assumed to ______

Answer 16

equalize

Question 17

Fa is consistently less than end-expiratory gas would indicate __________. This may be due to _____, _______, _______.

Answer 17

ventilation/perfusion mismatch

due to venous admixture
alveolar dead space
non-uniform alveolar gas distribution

Question 18

In a right to left cardiac shunt, there is a ______ anesthetic need.

Answer 18

Increased

Question 19

In a left to right cardiac shunt, there is a ______ anesthetic need.

Answer 19

decreased

Question 20

Oil/gas solubility is a indicator of

Answer 20

potency and lipid solubility

the higher the oil/gas solubility, the higher the potency and the higher the lipophilicity

Question 21

The Meyer-Overton correlation states that the

Answer 21

potency of an anesthetic can be predicted from its liposolubility

Question 22

The blood/gas partition coefficient is an indicator of

Answer 22

how fast the onset is. The lower the number the faster the onset.

Question 23

The pressure exerted by the molecular collisions of the gas against the container walls is known as

Answer 23

Vapor Pressure

Question 24

As long as liquid remains in a container, the vapor pressure is ________ of the volume of the liquid

Answer 24

independent

Question 25

Vapor pressure is proportional to

Answer 25

temperature

Question 26

For any mixture of gases in a closed container, each gas exerts a pressure proportional to its fractional mass; this is known as

Answer 26

Partial Pressure

Question 27

The sum of the partial pressures of each gas in a mixture of gases equals the total pressure of the entire mixture, this is known as

Answer 27

Daltons Law

Question 28

Term used to describe the tendency of a gas to equilibrate with a solution, hence determining its concentration within the solution

Answer 28

Solubility

Question 29

The relationship of concentration of a gas in solution to the partial pressure of the gas with which the solution is in equilibrium

Answer 29

Henry’s Law

Question 30

In the gas phase, fractional concentration (% by volume) is equal to the

Answer 30

partial pressure divided by ambient pressure

Question 31

The _________ is used for any gas in equilibrium with a liquid, a certain volume of that gas dissolves in a given volume of liquid

Answer 31

solubility coefficient

Question 32

The concentration of each gas in a mixture of gases in solution depends on two factors:

Answer 32

partial pressure in gas phase in equilibrium with the solution
Its solubility within that solution

Question 33

Anesthetic gases diffuse from the lungs into the blood until the partial pressures in the _____ and _____ are equal

Answer 33

alveoli and blood

Question 34

Concentrations of anesthetic in the blood depends on the _______ and the _______.

Answer 34

partial pressure of the gas at equilibrium

blood solubility

Question 35

The _________ of a gas in a solution represents the pressure that the gas in equilibrium with the liquid would have if a gas phase existed in contact with the liquid phase.

Answer 35

partial pressure

Question 36

The concentration of anesthetic in target tissue (brain) depends on the ______ and _______

Answer 36

partial pressure at equilibrium

target tissue solubility

Question 37

Monitoring the alveolar concentration of exhaled anesthetic provides an index of their ________

Answer 37

effect in the brain

Question 38

Inhaled anesthetics equilibrate based on their _________ in each tissue, not based on their concentrations

Answer 38

partial pressures

Question 39

Three factors that influence the uptake of volatile anesthetic:

Answer 39

Alveolar blood flow
Blood: gas solubility
partial pressure gradient between the alveoli and the venous blood