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Informasjonssystemer > InfoSys > Flashcards

InfoSys Flashcards

1
Q

What is five trends that will shape construction and capital projcts?

A

1.digital collaboration and mobility 2. Higher definition surveying and geolocation 3. Next generation 5D buiding information modeling 4. Future-proof design and construction 5. The Internet of Things and advanced analytics

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2
Q

What is “Digital collaboration an mobility”?

A

Moving to paperless projects, from the office to the workplace

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3
Q

What is “Higher-definition surveying and geolocation”?

A

Rapid digital mapping and estimating

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4
Q

What is “Nexr generation 5D building information modeling”?

A

Design platform for the future

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5
Q

What is “Future-proof design and construction”?

A

Designing with materials and methods of the future

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6
Q

What is “The internet of things and advanced analytics”?

A

Intelligent asset management and decision making

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7
Q

Tell about digitalization(keywords technology, transformation)

A

1.Digitalization is not about technology, it is about how technological developments change the way organizations operate and do business. 2. Digitalization is not about transformation, it is about adaptation.​ 3.​
Digitalization is about the ability of organizations, its leaders and employees, to adapt to rapid changes wrought by evolving digital technologies

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8
Q

What is data?

A

raw facts

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9
Q

what is information?

A

Collection of data organized in such a way that they have value beyond the facts themself

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10
Q

what is a process?

A

Set of logically related tasks performed to achive defined outcome turning data into information

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11
Q

What is knowledge?

A

Awereness and understanding of set of information and the ways it can be made useful to support a task

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12
Q

Say some datasources

A

Media, social media, sensor data, machine log data, business apps, archive, public web, docs

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13
Q

What can information quality be defined as?

A

“… data or information that is fit to use”

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14
Q

What is characteristics of valuable information?

A

Accsessible, accurate, complete, economical, flexible, relevant, reliable, secure, simple, timely, verifiable

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15
Q

Dimensions of valuable informations: Definition of accessible information

A

Information should be easily accesible by autorized users so they can obtain it the rigth format and at the right time to meet their needs.

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16
Q

Dimensions of valuable informations: Definition of accurate information

A

Accurate information is error free.

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17
Q

Dimensions of valuable informations: Definition complete information

A

Complete information contains all the important facts

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18
Q

Dimensions of valuable informations: Definition of economical information

A

Flexible information can be used for a varity of purposes . (For example, information on how muh inventory is on hand for a particular part can be used by sales representative in closing a sale, by a production manager to determine wheter more inventory is needed and by more production manager to determine wheteher more inventory is needed….)

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19
Q

Dimensions of valuable informations: Definiton of Relevant information

A

Relevent information is important to the decision maker.

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20
Q

Dimensions of valuable informations: Definition of reliable information

A

Reliable information can be trusted by users

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21
Q

Dimensions of valuable informations: Definition of secure information

A

secure information should be secure from access bu unathoritized users

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22
Q

Dimensions of valuable informations: Definition of simple information

A

Information should be simple, not overly complex. Too mush information can cause information overload, whereby a decision maker has too mush information and is unble to determine what is really important

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23
Q

Dimensions of valuable informations: Definition of timely information

A

Timely information is deliverd when it is needed.( Knowing lasts week weather conditions will not help when trying to decide wht coat to wear today.)

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24
Q

Dimensions of valuable informations: Definition of verifiable information

A

Information should be verifiable. This means that you can check it to make sure it is correct, perhaps by checking many sources for the same information.

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25
Q

What is an Information system?

A

Information systems are interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visulization in an organization. It provides a feedback machnism to monitor and control to make sure it continues to meet its goals and objectives.

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26
Q

What is a computer-based information system(CBIS)?

A

A computer-based information system is a single set of hardware, software, databases, networks, people and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and proccess data into information

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27
Q

What do an organizations technology infrastucture include?

A

It includes all the hardware, software, databases, networks, people and procedures that are configured to collect, maniplate, store, and process data into information

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28
Q

What does the information value chain include?

A

Data-> information-> Knowlendge ->Decisions->Actions—–>(Data)

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29
Q

Information System Types: What is Personal IS?

A

Includes information systems that improve the productivity of individual users

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30
Q

Information System Types: What is Group IS?

A

Includes information systems that improve communications and support collaboration among member of a workgroup

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31
Q

Information System Types: What is Enterprise IS?

A

Includes information systems that organizations use to define structured interactions among their own employees and/or external customers, suppliers, government agencies, etc.

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32
Q

What certain key organizational complements must be in place for each type of IS?

A

Well-trained workers, system support nd infrastructure, better teamwork, re-designed processes, deployment plan, new decisions rights and roles, links to organizational startergy

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33
Q

Information System Types: Say the benefit of Personal IS

A

Improved productivity

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34
Q

Information System Types: Benefit of group IS

A

Increased collaboration

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35
Q

Information System Types: benefits of Enterprise IS

A

Increased standardization and ability to monitor work

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36
Q

Information System Types: Managers role in personal IS

A

Ensure that employees understand and connect to the change. Encourage use. Challenge workers to find new uses

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37
Q

Information System Types: Managers role in Group IS

A

Demostrates how technology can be used. Set norms for participation

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38
Q

Information System Types: Managers role Enterprise IS

A

Identify and put into place the full set of organizational complements prior to adoption. Intervene forcefully and contianually to ensure adoption

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39
Q

What is e-commerence?

A

E-commerce involves the exchange of money for good and services over electronic networks

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40
Q

What is m-commerce?

A

Mobile commerce is the use of mobile, wireless devices to place orders and conduct business

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41
Q

Enterprise systems: What is an transaction?

A

Any business-related exchange, such as payments to employees and suppliers and sales to customers

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42
Q

Enterprise systems: What is a transaction processing system(TPS)?

A

An organiced collection of people, procedures, software, databases and devices. Used to perform and record completed business transactions

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43
Q

Enterprise systems: What is a management information system(MIS)?

A

Organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices. PRovides routine information to maagers and decision makers. Focuses on operational efficiency. Provides standard reports generatded with data and information from the TPS or ERP

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44
Q

Enterprise systems: What does the TPS and MIS work together to create?

A

The Transaction processing system(TPS) and Management information system(MIS) work together to process business transaction and create standard management reports

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45
Q

Enterprise systems: What is Enterprise resource planning(ERP)?

A

set of integrated programs. Manages the vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization.

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46
Q

Primary components of an ERP system: What is the business functions addresses in supply chain management?

A

Manages all activities involved i sourcing and procuring raw materials to finished product, warehousing, and deliverig finished products to customers

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47
Q

Primary components of an ERP system: What is the business functions addresses in “Customer relationship management”?

A

Automates and integrates the sales, marketing, and cutomer service functions to capture and store customer and prospect contact information, accout data, and sales opportunities in one central location

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48
Q

Primary components of an ERP system: What is the business functions addresses in “Product lifecycle management”

A

Manages product information throughout the entire lifecycle of a product from ideation, design and manufacture, through service and remaining product disposal- across all departments, contractors, and suppliers.

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49
Q

Primary components of an ERP system: What is the business functions addresses in “Maintenance, repair, and operations”?

A

Automates and supports activities involved with the planning and scheduling of maintenance and repairs for any sort of mechanical, plumbing, or electrical device, along with the tracking of inventory and ordering of necessary parts and supplies

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50
Q

Primary components of an ERP system: What is the business functions addresses in “Accounting”

A

Tracks the flow of data related to all the cash flows that affect an organization; manages functions related to setting up and maintaining the general ledger, accounts payable, accounts receiveble, and payroll

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51
Q

Primary components of an ERP system: What is the business functions addresses in “Human resource management”?

A

Supports activites related to previous, current, and potential amployees of the organization; provides tools for workforce analysis and planning, hiring, training, job and task assignment, performance evalution, salary administration, managing employee benefits, retirement, and outplacement.

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52
Q

What do Business Intelligence(BI) include?

A

Includes a wide range of applications, practices, and technologies for the extrction, transformation, integration, visualization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data to support improved decision making

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53
Q

What is business analytics?

A

The extensive use of data and quantitative analysis to support fact-based decision making within organizations

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54
Q

What is big data analytics?

A

Big data analysis is the examining large varied data sets to uncover unknown correlations, market trends, cutomer preferences and other information that can help organizations make more-informed decisions

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55
Q

What is strategic planning used to?

A

Used to improve alignment between the needs of the business and the activites of the information system(Alignment means that the IS organization and its resources are focused on efforts that support the key objectives defined in the strategic plan of business)

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56
Q

What is system acquisition?

A

Process used to obtain the information system reasources needed to provide services necessary to meet a specific set of needs

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57
Q

What is system development?

A

The activity of building information systems to meet users needs. Projects can range from small to very large

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58
Q

System acquisition and development: What is the pros with “buy of shelf software”?

A

+ A software solution can be acquired and deployed relatively quickly
+ An organization can “test drive” software before acquiring it.

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59
Q

System acquisition and development: What is the cons with “buy of shelf software”?

A
  • Unmodified, the software may not be a good match to an organisations needs.
  • Maintenance and support costs can become excessive.
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60
Q

System acquisition and development: What are the pros with “build custom application”?

A

+ Customized software is more likely to be a good match to an organizations needs
+ A cutstom application provides the potential to achive competitive advantages

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61
Q

System acquisition and development: What are the cons with “build custom application”?

A
  • The cost to build a system can be quite high compared to the cost of purchasing of-the-shelf software
  • Custimizing software can mean it will be months or even years before the software solution is ready to deploy
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62
Q

System acquisition and development: What are the pros to choose a software provider?

A

+Users do not need to purchase and install additional hardware or software
+ The service provider handles necassary hardware and software maintenance and upgrades

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63
Q

System acquisition and development: What are the cons to choose a software provider?

A
  • Complex pricing arrangements and hidden costs expected cost savings
  • Performance issues may cause wide variations in performance over time.
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64
Q

What is an organization?

A

A group of people that is structured and managed to meet its mission set of group goals.

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65
Q

What does it mean that organizations is open systems?

A

They affect and are affected by their surroundings enviroments

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66
Q

What are porters five forces model?

A
  1. Threat of new entrants 2. Bargaining power of buyers 3. Threat of substitute products 4. Bargaining power of suppliers 5. Rivalry among excisting competitiors
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67
Q

Miles and Snows Stratagy Typology: What is the definition of prospector?

A

In innovative and growth oriented, searches for new markets and new growth opportunities, encourages risk taking (eks Amazon, google)

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68
Q

Miles and Snows Stratagy Typology: What is the definition of defender?

A

Protects current markets, maintains stable growth, serves current customers

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69
Q

Miles and Snows Stratagy Typology: What is analyzer?

A

Maintains current markets and current customer satisfaction with moderate emphasis on innovation(Yahoo, UBER)

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70
Q

Miles and Snows Stratagy Typology: What is the startegy type Reactor?

A

No clear startegy, reacts to changes in the enviroments, drifts with events (eks Nokia)

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71
Q

What are the four strategy types in Miles ans Snows Strategy Typology?

A

Prospector, Defender, Analyzer and Reactor

72
Q

What is a value chain?

A

a series of activities that an organinzation performs to transform inputs into outputs(The value of the input is increased)

73
Q

What is a supply chain?

A

Key value chain in a manufacturing organization

74
Q

What do “Supply chain management(SCM) do?

A

Encompasses all the activities required to get the right product into the right consumers hands in the right quantity at the right time and at the rifht cost

75
Q

Say some benefits of chain integration

A

Better understanding of customers and better ability to serve them. More cost effective and efficient. Reduce wasted meterial and time. Keep up with demand and be ore flexible to changing markets. +++

76
Q

What is innovation?

A

The application of new ideas to the products, processes, and activities of a firm, leading to increasing value( Is a catalyst for the growth and success of an organization)

77
Q

What can innovation lead to?

A

Can lead to cutting-edge products(new revenue streams, increased profits, new business models)

78
Q

What is sustaining (incremental) innovation?

A

Results in enhancements(forbedring) to existing products, services, and ways of operating. (Enable an organization to contiunally increase profits, lower costs, and gain market share)

79
Q

What is Disruptive (Radical) innovation?

A

One intially provides a lower level of performance than the marketplace has grown to accept

80
Q

What is Business Process Management(BPM)?

A

BPM is the art and science of overseeing how work is performed in an organization to ensure consistet outcomes and to take advantage of improvement opportunities.

81
Q

what is the five steps of Business Process management(BPM)?

A

Design, modeling, execution, monitoring and optimization

82
Q

What is Re-engineering?

A

Involves the radical redesign of business processes, organizational structures, information systems, and values of the organization to achieve a breakthrough in business results

83
Q

What is continuous improvement?

A

Constantly seeking ways to improve business processes and add value to products and services

84
Q

What is an organizational structure?

A

Organizational subunits and the way they relate to the overall organization

85
Q

What is differnt types of organizational structure?

A

Traditionak(Tree), Project, team, virtual

86
Q

What is culture?

A

A set of major understandings and assumptions shared by a group

87
Q

What is organizational culture?

A

The major understandings and assumptions for a business, corporation, or other organization

88
Q

What is organizational change?

A

How organizations plan for, implement, and handle change

89
Q

What is a soft side of imlementing change?

A

Involves work designed to help employees embrace a new information system and way of working

90
Q

What do the Change management model do?

A

Describes the phases an individual or organization goes through in making a change. Provides principles for successfull implementation of change. There are a number of models for dealing with the soft side of implementing change.

91
Q

What is Lewins three-stage approach for change?

A
  1. Unfreezing: prepering for change
  2. Moving: making the change
  3. Refreezing: Institutionalizing
92
Q

What is Lewins Force Field Analysis?

A

Identifies both the driving(positive) and restraining(negative) forces that influence whether change can occur

93
Q

What is Lewins Force Field Driving forces?

A

Belifs, expectations, and cultural norms that tend to encourage a change and give it momentum

94
Q

What is Lewins Force Field Reastraining forces?

A

Those that make it difficult to accept a change or work to implement change

95
Q

What is Leavitts Diamonss theory?

A

A theory that proposes that every organizational system is made up of four main components- People, tasks, structure and technology- with an interaction amoung the four components(any change in one of these elements will necessitate a change in the other three elements)

96
Q

Leavitts Diamond: What is Organizational learning?

A

The adaptions and adjustments based on experience and ideas over time. Adjustments can require re-engenieering or can result from continuous improvement

97
Q

What is Technology acceptance model(TAM)?

A

Specifies the factors that can lead to better attitudes about the information system

98
Q

What is technology diffusion?

A

Measure of how widely technology is spread throughout an organization

99
Q

What is technology infusion?

A

Extent to which technology permeates a department

100
Q

What is diffusion of innovation theory?

A

Explains how a new idea or product gains acceptance and diffuses(or spreads) throgh a specific population or subset of an organization.

101
Q

Diffusion of Innovation Theory: What is the five adopter categories?

A

Innovator, Early adopter, early majority, late majority and laggards

102
Q

What are the diffrent e-commerce activities?

A

B2C,B2B, C2C, G2B and G2C

103
Q

What is B2C?

A

When person buys products or services online

104
Q

What is B2B?

A

When E-commerce website orders frm suppliers to deliver to cutomers

105
Q

What is C2C?

A

When consumers directly trade with one another

106
Q

What is G2B and G2C?

A

When goverment transacts with business or consumer online

107
Q

What is social commerce?

A

Social commerce is a subset of electronic commerce that involves social media, online media that supports social interaction, and user contributions to assist online buying and selling of products and services

108
Q

What are som challanges in e-commerce?

A
  1. Dealing with consumers privacy concerns 2. Overcoming consumers lack of trust 3. Overcoming global issues
109
Q

What is market segmentation?

A

Divides the pool of potetial cutomers into subgroupd usually defined in terms of demographic characteristics. Personal based on search history and interests)

110
Q

What is the three main measures of success in marketing?

A

Number of users reached, click through rate(CTR), Number of actions users take

111
Q

Transaction Processing Systems: What is Batch processing system?

A

Business transactions are accumulated over a period of time and prepared for processing as a single unit batch.

112
Q

TPS: What is Online transcation processing(OLTP)?

A

Data processing in which each transaction is processed immediately. At any time, the data in an online system reflects the current status

113
Q

What do Transaction Systems incudes?

A

Order processing systems, accounting systems, purchasing systems

114
Q

TPS: What do accounting system do?

A

Tracks the flow of data related to all the cash follows that affect the organization

115
Q

TPS: What is purchasing systems?

A

Systems that support the purchasing business function. Inentory control, purchase order processing, receiving, and accounts payable

116
Q

What is enterprise resourse planning(ERP)?

A

A set of integrated programs that manage a compnys vital business operations for an entire organization

117
Q

ERP: What is a business process?

A

A set of coordinated and related activities that takes one or more kinds of input and creates an output of value to the cutomer of that process

118
Q

What are the advanteges of ERP?

A

Improved access to quality data for operationl decision making. Elimination of costly, inflexible legacy systems. Improvement of work process. Oppertunity to upgrade and standardize technology infrastructure

119
Q

What is supply chain management(SCM)?

A

Is a system that includes planning, executing, and controlling all activities involved in all steps of making a product and warehousing and delivering

120
Q

What is customer relationship management(CRM)?

A

Helps a company manage all aspects of customers encounters, including marketing, sales, distribution, accounting and customer service

121
Q

What is Product lifecycle management(PLM)?

A

A enterprise business startegy that creates a common repository of product information and processes. Supports the collaborative creation, management, dissemination, and use of product and packaging defination information

122
Q

Product lifecycle management: what is Computer-aided design(CAD)?

A

The use of software to assist in creation, analysis, and modification of the design of a component or product

123
Q

Product lifecycle management: What is Computer-aided engineering(CAE)?

A

The use of software to analyze the robostness and preformace of components and assemblies

124
Q

Product lifecycle management: What is Computer-aided manufacturing(CAM)?

A

The use of software to control machine tools and related machinery in the manufacture of components and products.

125
Q

What is the benefits of a Product lifecycle management(PLM)?

A

Reduce time to market, reduce costs, ensure regulatory compliance

126
Q

What is the three levels of management?

A

Senior management, middle management and Operational management

127
Q

What is business analytics?

A

The extensive use of data and quantitative to support fact-based decision making within organization

128
Q

What is Business intelligence(BI)?

A

Includes a wide range of applications, practices, and technologies for the extraction, transformation, integration, visualization, analysis interpretation, and presentation of data to support improved decision making

129
Q

What are the benefits from BI and analytics?

A

Detect fraud, improve forecasting, increase sales, optimize operations and reduce costs

130
Q

What is data visualization?

A

The presentation of data in a pictorial or graphical format

131
Q

Data visualization tools: What is conversion funnel?

A

A graphical repersentation that summarizes the steps a consumer takes in making the decision to buy a product and become a customer

132
Q

What is Online Analytical proocessing(OLAP)?

A

A method to analyze multidimensional data from many different perspectives. OLAP enables users to identify issues and oppertunities and perform trend analysis

133
Q

Online Analytic Processing: What is data cubes?

A

Contain numeric facts measures, which are categorized by dimensions, such as time and geography. Can be built to summarize unit sales of a specific item on a specific day for a specific store.

134
Q

What is drill-down analysis?

A

Involves interactive examination of high-level summary data in increasing detail to gain insight into certain elements

135
Q

What is linear regression?

A

A mathematical technique for predicting the value of a dependent variable based on a single independent variable and linear relationship between the two. Consists of finding the best-fitting straight line through a set of obeservations of the dependent and independent variable

136
Q

What is data mining?

A

A BI analytis tool used to explore large amounts of data for hidden patterns to predict future trends and behaviors for use in decision making

137
Q

Data mining: What is association analysis?

A

A specialized set of algorithms sorts through data and forms statistical rules about relationships among the items

138
Q

Data mining: What is neural computing?

A

Historical data is examined for patterns that are then used to make predictions

139
Q

Data mining: What is case-based reasoning?

A

Historical if-then-else cases are used to recognice patterns

140
Q

Data mining: What is Cross-Industry Process for data Mining(CRISP-DM)?

A

A size-phase structured approach for the planning and execution of a data mining project

141
Q

Data mining: What are the phases of Cross-Industry Process for data mining (CRISP-DM)?

A

Business understaninding, data understanding, data preparation, modeling, evaluation, deployment

142
Q

What is dashboards?

A

Presents a set og KPIs about the state of a process at a specific point in time. Provide rapid access to information in an easy-to-interpret and concise manner. Provide users at every level of the organization the information they need to make improved decisions

143
Q

What is big data?

A

Big data is a term used to refer to data sets that are too large or complex for traditional data processing software to deal with it

144
Q

What is the four Vs of big data?

A

Volume, Velocity, Veracity and Variety

145
Q

What are the five ways big data can create value?

A

Transparency, decision making, marketing, performance and innovation

146
Q

What is Knowledge management(KM)?

A

Used by organizations to enable individuals , teams and entire organizations to collectively and systematically create, share, and apply knowledge in order to achive objectives

147
Q

What is Knowledge management systems(KMS)?

A

Organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to create, store, share and use the organisations knowledge and experience

148
Q

What is Communities of Practice(COP)?

A

Are groups of people with common interests. Members come together to create, store and share knowledge on a specific topic.

149
Q

What is Organizational network analysis(ONA)?

A

A technique used for documenting and measuring flows of information among individuals, workgroups, organizations, computers, web sites, and other information sources

150
Q

What does the term “Web 2.0” mean?

A

It is a term describing changes in technology and Web site design to enhance information sharing, collaborationn and functionally on the web

151
Q

AI: What is Brain computer interface(BCI)?

A

The idea is to directly connect the human brain to a computer and have human thought control computer activities

152
Q

AI: What is a expert system?

A

Hardware and software that stores knowledge and makes inferences, similar to a human expert

153
Q

AI: What is the components of an expert system?

A

Knowledge base, inference engine, explanation facility, knowledge base acquisition facility and user interface

154
Q

Expert systems: What is an knowledge base?

A

Stores all relevant information, data, rules and relationships that expert system uses.

155
Q

Expert systems: What is interference engine?

A

Main pupose is to seek information and relationships from the knowledge base

156
Q

Expert systems: What is explanation facility?

A

Indicates all the facts and rules that were used in reaching the conclusion

157
Q

AI: What is vision systems?

A

Hardware and software that premit computers to capture, store and manipulate visual images and pictures

158
Q

AI: What is Natural Language Processing?

A

Involves the computer understanding, analyzing, manipulating, and/or generating “natural” languages such as English

159
Q

AI: What is a learnig system?

A

A combination of software and hardware that allows the computer to change how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback it receives

160
Q

AI: What is Neural Networks?

A

Computer systems that can recognize and act on pattern or trends that it detects in large sets of data

161
Q

What is the goal of IS-methodology?

A

Ensure economic gain, ensure personal gain, ensure organisational gain, ensre sosietal gain

162
Q

What is the phases of value achivement in IS methodology?

A
  • Plan for value achivement
  • Perform change
  • implement change and relize the value
163
Q

What are the stakeholders in system development?

A

Those who are responisble for maiking the product, those with financial interest in its use, those who have interest in its use and those affected by long term effects of the system

164
Q

Gartner: What is Bimodal IT?

A

Is the practice of managing two separte, coherent modes of IT delivery, one focused on stability and the other on agility

165
Q

What is DevOps?

A

DevOps is the practice of operations and development engineers participating together in the entire service lifecycle, from design through the development process to production support

166
Q

What to problems did enterprise architecture solve?

A

System-complexity- Organisations were spending more and more money building IT systems
Poor business alignment- Organistations were finding it more and more difficult to keep those increasingly expensive IT systems aligned with business need

167
Q

Why do organizations need an enterprise architecture(EA)?

A

get an overview of the business processes, system, technology, structures and capabilities. Organization need to provide a strategic context for the evolution of the IT system in response to the constantly changing needs of the business enviroment

168
Q

What is Zachmans Framework?

A

The Zachman Framework is a taxonomy for ways of describing the Enterprise. Alogical structure for classifying and organizing the descriptive representation of an Enterprise

169
Q

What is the two dimensions of Zachmans framework?

A
  • “players in the game”- abstraction levels- viewports

* Aspects/perspectives of an enterprise

170
Q

What is the aspects of Zachmans framework?

A

Data(what), Function(how), Network(where), people(who), Time(when), motivation(why)

171
Q

What i the layers of views in Zachmans Framework?

A

Scope, Enterprise or business model, System model, technology model, detailed representations, functional enterprise

172
Q

TOGAF: what do business architecture describe?

A

Describes the process the business uses to meet its goals

173
Q

TOGAF: What do application architecture describe?

A

Describes how specific applications are designed and how they interact with eachother

174
Q

TOGAF: What do data architecture describe?

A

Describes how the enterprise datastores are organised and accessed

175
Q

TOGAF: What do the technical architecture describes?

A

Describes the hardware and software infrastructure that supports applications and their interactions

Informasjonssystemer (1 decks)

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