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Information Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What do information systems promote / assist with?

A
  • Operational excellence.
  • Developing new products, services and business models.
  • Providing superb customer service.
  • Improving decision-making capabilities.
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2
Q

What is Information Technology?

A

Technology that can be used to deal with information
- Deal = store, manipulate, communicate.

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3
Q

What are the components of an Information System?

A
  • Hardware
  • Software
  • Databases
  • Network
  • People Procedures
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4
Q

What is the difference between Data and Information?

A

Data:
* Raw facts (symbols)
* No context
* Meaningless on its own

Information:
* Contextualised data
* Data endowed with meaning and a purpose

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5
Q

Discuss Information Granularity

A

Fine-grained information:
* Info pertaining to a singular (specific) thing, event or concept.
* Operational in nature.
* Is aggregated into coarse -grained info (e.g., to obtain trends)
* Example: “Peter sold two units of Product X on the 25th of September”

Coarse-grained information:
* Information describing an aggregation of concepts
* Strategic in nature
* Cannot be decomposed into fine-grained info.
* Example: “Our total sales of Product X last month was 250 units over 53 transactions.”

aggregation:
the formation of a number of things into a cluster.

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6
Q

Explain ‘Knowledge’

A

Information organised and integrated to convery experience and understanding.

E.g., “Students with a grade lower than C+ in BSNS115 struggle with second year accounting papers.”

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7
Q

Types of Information Systems

A
  • Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
  • Functional Area IS (FAIS), e.g.,:
    • Accounting
    • Finance
    • Marketing, e.g., CRM
    • Product/Operations Management, e.g., SCM
    • Human Resources
  • Integrated Information Systems, e.g., ERP
  • Decision Support Systems, DSS
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8
Q

Example Types of IS

A

FAIS - Functional Area Information System:
* F: Supports the activities within specific functional area.
* E: System for processing payroll.
TPS - Transaction Processing System:
* F: Processes transaction data from business events.
* E: Target or Cales checkout point-of-sale terminal.
ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning:
* F: Integrates all functional areas of the organisation.
* E: Oracle, SAP.
DSS - Decision Support System:
* F: Provides access to data and analysis tools.
* E: “What-if” analysis of changes in budget.

E: Example

F: Function

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9
Q

Strategic, Tactical & Operational Systems:

A

Operational:
* Improving performance of day-to-day activities

Stategic:
* Optimise or encourage the long-term goals
* Create a point of difference

Tactical:
* Used to manage the implementation of strategic decisions

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10
Q

What are the key steps to the business process lifecycle

A
  • Model
  • Implement
  • Execute
  • Mintor / Analyse
  • Optimize
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11
Q

Business Analysis

A

The process of defining business process requirements and evaluating potential improvements. Business analysis involves ascertaining, documenting, and communicating information about current and future business processes using business process modelling and related tools.

Examples:
* Calculating net assets
* Enrolling at the university
* Buying something on tradement
* Lodging a customer complaint

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12
Q

Common features of business processes

A
  • Have a goal
  • Analysed in constituent steps
  • Involve the communication, storage, or manipulation of info
  • Can be modeled, analysed and improved
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13
Q

Common Ingredients for process modelling

A
  • Actors or Agents (those carrying out tasks)
  • Actions or tasks (activities to carry out)
  • Arrows (signalling the triggers, sequences)
  • Checkpoints, questions, decision points, or gateways
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14
Q

Relational Database

A

Store data in tables, and know the schema (structure) for each table
* Each row in a table represents a single data item and should have a unique indentifier (ID)
* Tables can link to data in other tables by referencing other data items’ IDs

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15
Q

Insertion Anomaly

A

Insert anomalies occur when certain attributes cannot be inserted into the database due to missing additional data.

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16
Q

Update Anomaly

A

A situation where changing information in one tuple leads to inconsistencies with the same data in another tuple within a relation.

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17
Q

Deletion Anomaly

A

Occurs when you delete a record that may contain attributes that shouldn’t be deleted.

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18
Q

A Data Model:

A
  • Models the types of things (entities) of interest
  • Specifies the attributes needed to describe each entity
  • Models the relationships between entities
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19
Q

Explain briefly Entity, Attribute, and Relationship

A

Entity:
* Describes common featues of a thing or object.
* E.g., “Person”

Attributes:
* A set of attrivutes needed to describe a person
* May be required (indicated using a *)
* E.g., name, date of birth

Relationship:
* Reflects a real-world assocation between entities.
* E.g., sale is to a customer, a sale is made by an employee, an employee has an assigned office.

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20
Q

Explain properties of a relationship

A

Cardinality:
* One to one
* One to many
* Many to many

Participation:
* Optional
* Mandatory

21
Q

List the relationship property symbols

A

Cardinality:
* One: ‘⎯’
* Many: ‘⩛’

Participation:
* Mandatory: ‘⎯’
* Optional: ‘O’

22
Q

Usability

A

The extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisafaction in a specified context to use

23
Q

User experience experts consider…

A
  • Engagement
  • Accessibility
  • Understanding
24
Q

User Experience Design

A
  • Research
  • Data Analysis
  • Test Results
24
When designing personas what are types of user goals
* Experience goals (How they persona wants to feel using the product) * End goals (The persona's motivation(s) for performing the task / the intended outcome) * Life goals (Why the persona want to accomplish end goal(s) / long-term desires / self-image)
25
Persona Types
* Primary Persona: Main target for interface design. * Secondary Persona: Satisfied but has minor additional needs. * Supplemental Persona: Covered by primary or secondary personas. * Customer Persona: Buys product, may not use it. * Served Persona: Affected by product but not user. * Negative Persona: Persona not targeted for the product.
26
Network Protocol
A protocol is a mutually agreed upon set of rules that allows two nodes on a network to exchange data
26
Desirable properties of a network:
* Heterogeneity: Involves diverse hardware, OS, languages. * (De)coupling: Avoid reliance on specific platforms/vendors. * Future proofing: Anticipate unknown future applications. * Achieve good performance: Focus on bandwidth and latency.
27
OSI Model
* Physical Layer: Manages physical connections and raw data transmission (Bit). * Data Link Layer: Ensures error-free direct node-to-node data transfer (Bit/Frame). * Network Layer: Handles routing and addressing of data across networks (Packet/Datagram). * Transport Layer: Ensures reliable data transmission between hosts (Segments). * Session Layer: Manages and controls communication sessions between applications (Data). * Presentation Layer: Translates, encrypts, and compresses data for application use (Data). * Application Layer: Interfaces with software for end-user network services (Data).
28
What is TCP/IP
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol IP: Internet Protocol
29
Intranet
An Intranet is a private, secure network used by an organization to share internal resources, information, and communication tools among its employees. It operates similarly to the Internet but is restricted to authorized users within the organization.
30
What do scalable organisations do?
* Low/negligible variable costs --> better scalability * Acts as platform, leverages external resources * Installs 'flywheels'
31
Internal vs External Scalability
Internal Scalability: * The ability of a business to expand operations quickly and affordably by leveraging internal resources like automation and platform efficiency. External Scalability: * The potential for growth driven by favorable external conditions, such as financial markets, regulations, and technological advancements.
32
What is a "long tail" strategy?
A long tail strategy focuses on selling a large number of niche products, each with relatively low demand, rather than relying solely on a few high-demand items. By catering to diverse, smaller markets, businesses can achieve substantial aggregate sales.
33
External Relations are supported by what two main types of IS?
Customer/Potential Customers * Customer-relationship management (CRM) systems Suppliers of material and services * Supply chain management (SCM) systems
34
What is CRM, explain the layer of the CRM process
Focuses on satisfying customers by assessing their requirements then providing high quality service. * Target population of potential customers * Customers * Loyal, repeat customers * High-value repeat customers, and low-value repeat customers
35
What are two CRM challenges?
* Indentify customer touch points. * Consolidate customer data across functional areas
36
Operational CRM sectors
Customer-facing: * Direct interaction with customer Customer-touching: * Self-serve, i.e., customer touches the system
37
Analytical CRM
Analyse customers' behaviour and perceptions to provide actionable business intelligence * Recent Customers: Likely to buy again soon. * Frequent Customers: Likely to repeat purchases. * High-Spending Customers: Tend to become more valuable.
38
What are flows in a supply chain
Upstream * Orders, information, payments, returns Downstream: * Products, servicers, information
39
Operational vs Analytical SCM
Operationally: * Planning for purchasing * Placing and managing orders * Contract management Analytically: * Detecting trends * Manage risk
40
Approaches to Integrating ISs
Enterprise Application Integration (EAI): * Middleware facilitates information flow between applications. Business Process Automation (BPA): * Software models processes and manages application communication. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): * Expensive software integrates business functions into one database.
41
What are the CORE ERP Modules, and what are the extended
Core: * Accounting and fiannce * Manufacturing and production * Human resources Extended: * Supply chain management * Business intelligence * E-business module * Customer relationship management
42
What are the Five Perspectives of Ethics
Utilitarian Perspective * What produces the greatest ba;ance of good over harm. Rights Perspective * What best protects and respects the moral rights of those affected. Fairness Perspective * All equals should be trated equally. Common Good Perspective * Life in community is a good in itself and our actionsshould contribute to that life Virtue Perspective * What is consistent with the virtues that provide for the full development of our humanity
43
How can you sysmatically make ethical deicisions?
* Recognise the ethical issue * Get the facts * Evaluate alternative actions * Make a decision and test it * Act and reflect on the outcome
44
Information Collection in NZ
* Collect only what is needed * From the person concerned (*) * Obtain consent (*) * Give people an opportunity to see and correct errors
45
Information Usage in NZ
* Keep information only as long as required * Use it only for the purposes it was collected for (*)
46
Unwarranted Collection of Data
Examples: * Logging staff / customer acitvity (without prior consent). * Taking someone's picture (without consent) in a private place. * Capturing information not necessary for the claimed purpose of collecting it, e.g., recording a list of installed software during a security scan of your computer.
47
What is AI intelligence vs Human intelligence
AI is currently **narrow** intelligence * Collection of disparate techniques * Learnt through statistics, and neural networks Human have **general** intelligence * Cross-domain problem solving * Analogies, generalise, mental abstractions * Social understanding & empathy

BSNS115 (3 decks)

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